‘Examine the Reasons Why Some Sociologists Choose Not to...

A questionnaire is a list of a research or survey questions asked to respondents, and designed to extract quantitative date. Questionnaires are easily distributed to the community and can be completed and collected on the spot or be emailed or posted back to the researcher. Self completed questionnaires are the most common survey as they are cheap and can be passed to a lot of people. Some sociologists tend not to use questionnaires because of their low response rate and lack of validity. Also, some people may give false information so some researchers like to stick to interviews and experiments for increased accuracy. I will explore why sociologists shy away from using questionnaires. Positivists favour questionnaires because they†¦show more content†¦A valid method is one that give a true picture of the peoples meaning and experiences, yet interpretivists argue that questionnaires are more likely to impose the researchers own meanings than to reveal those of the respondent. When a researcher chooses a question he automatically has decided that that is an important question and what is not. If researchers use close-ended questions, respondents cant include all the data they have to offer and have to fit their views into the question asked, if they use open ended questions the respondents have a chance to put all their meanings down, this could be more time consuming for collecting the date after. Shipman says when the researchers categories are not the respondents categories ‘pruning and bending’ is inevitable. He determines questionnaires as straitjackets and undermines the validity of the data. Another way of getting a true picture of the r espondent is through triangulation- the use of 3 or more methods to achieve the same or similar results, it can be achieved through quantitative and qualitative data which makes it more reliable, questionnaires can be used adequately. In conclusion, it is clear that there are a lot of reasons as to why some sociologists choose not to use questionnaires when carrying out research. Some of the mainShow MoreRelatedStructured Interviews1122 Words   |  5 PagesExamine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use structured interviews when conducting their research (20 marks) Many sociologists choose to use structured interviews when they are conducting their research, because by having a structured interview there are a set of prepared questions that are close-ended and already have pre-coded answers. One reason why researchers choose to use structured interviews is because they are cheap, quick and easy to do. This is because by going out and actuallyRead MoreResearch Methodology Essay4336 Words   |  18 Pageswhat circumstances have to come about to lead to different phenomena to occur? Sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and social scientists have spent eons of time pondering on these questions. Research is the way in which these questions may be answered, but the question remains, as to what type of research leads us to the right answer or, if there is a right answer, what is the one true answer? If different research methods produce different answers, which is the right, the true answer and ifRead MoreCan You Be Happy Without God?8898 Words   |  36 Pagesinterest. I then conducted brief secondary research to narrow down my choices. By the end of that process I reduced my list down to three broad topics; religion, life satisfaction and adolescence. After much con templation on which topic to further pursue I decided to combine all three and make my broad research topic the impact of religiosity on an adolescent individual’s life satisfaction. In the following weeks I conducted thorough secondary research on my topic, looking through a range of booksRead Morebullet theory7360 Words   |  30 Pagesindustriesamp;rdquo; of advertising and propaganda being utilized by industries and governments alike. In the 1930s, the Payne Fund, developed by the Motion Picture Research Council, studied the impact of motion pictures on children to see if the magic bullet effect was controllable. Even Hitler monopolized the mass media in the belief that he could use it unify the German public behind the Nazis in the 1940s. Function The theory amp;ldquo;suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the amp;lsquo;mediaRead More3521 Unit 1 Essay example10967 Words   |  44 Pagesliterature to justify a project proposal use appropriate language in project proposals Introduction Part of the work involved in a research project is the writing of the project proposal. The proposal is a brief account of the topic or area you have chosen to examine and a brief explanation of how you intend to investigate the topic. An effective project proposal can help you to convince your readers, such as your supervisor, that you have a worthwhile reason for conducting the project. It also shows thatRead MoreExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children8167 Words   |  33 PagesExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children Rational ======== Every child goes through the same education system, every child works through the same ‘curriculum 2000’ set by New Labour and every child sits the same exams up to the age of 16. So why are there marked differences in educational attainment for ethnic minority students? My main aim is to find out if racism is the main cause of the gap between different ethnic groupsRead MoreCoffee Culture17291 Words   |  70 Pageschanges. We wanted to increase our knowledge about how these changes can make Sweden a more attractive country for coffee shops, like Starbucks, wanting to establish in Sweden. We choose to use a qualitative method with an abductive approach. To gather the primary data we interviewed one barista and sent questionnaires to staff at different big coffee shops in Sweden. The interview questions were made out of five categories of describing culture by Rugman and Hodgetts. These answers and a multipleRead MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 PagesCOMMUNICATION SOCIETY, 2000, 3(1), 3–37 Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century Thomas E. Ruggiero Communications Department University of Texas at El Paso Some mass communications scholars have contended that uses and gratifications is not a rigorous social science theory. In this article, I argue just the opposite, and any attempt to speculate on the future direction of mass communication theory must seriously include the uses and gratifications approach. In this articleRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 Pagesare some benefits of using the multiple intelligences approach in my school? 7. How can applying M.I. theory help students learn better? 8. How can I find out more about M.I. theory? PART II – Demonstration 1. Seeing MI in action 2. What do M.I. lesson plans look like? 3. Poll PART III – Exploration 1. How will we explore multiple intelligences theory in the classroom? 2. How do I apply multiple intelligences (M.I.) theory in my classroom? 3. What are some simpleRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages.............................................................................. 11 History................................................................................................................................... 12 Psychology (Clinical--research)............................................................................................ 14 Psychology (cross-cultural) .................................................................................................. 16 Psychology (School)

‘Examine the Reasons Why Some Sociologists Choose Not to...

A questionnaire is a list of a research or survey questions asked to respondents, and designed to extract quantitative date. Questionnaires are easily distributed to the community and can be completed and collected on the spot or be emailed or posted back to the researcher. Self completed questionnaires are the most common survey as they are cheap and can be passed to a lot of people. Some sociologists tend not to use questionnaires because of their low response rate and lack of validity. Also, some people may give false information so some researchers like to stick to interviews and experiments for increased accuracy. I will explore why sociologists shy away from using questionnaires. Positivists favour questionnaires because they†¦show more content†¦A valid method is one that give a true picture of the peoples meaning and experiences, yet interpretivists argue that questionnaires are more likely to impose the researchers own meanings than to reveal those of the respondent. When a researcher chooses a question he automatically has decided that that is an important question and what is not. If researchers use close-ended questions, respondents cant include all the data they have to offer and have to fit their views into the question asked, if they use open ended questions the respondents have a chance to put all their meanings down, this could be more time consuming for collecting the date after. Shipman says when the researchers categories are not the respondents categories ‘pruning and bending’ is inevitable. He determines questionnaires as straitjackets and undermines the validity of the data. Another way of getting a true picture of the r espondent is through triangulation- the use of 3 or more methods to achieve the same or similar results, it can be achieved through quantitative and qualitative data which makes it more reliable, questionnaires can be used adequately. In conclusion, it is clear that there are a lot of reasons as to why some sociologists choose not to use questionnaires when carrying out research. Some of the mainShow MoreRelatedStructured Interviews1122 Words   |  5 PagesExamine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use structured interviews when conducting their research (20 marks) Many sociologists choose to use structured interviews when they are conducting their research, because by having a structured interview there are a set of prepared questions that are close-ended and already have pre-coded answers. One reason why researchers choose to use structured interviews is because they are cheap, quick and easy to do. This is because by going out and actuallyRead MoreResearch Methodology Essay4336 Words   |  18 Pageswhat circumstances have to come about to lead to different phenomena to occur? Sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and social scientists have spent eons of time pondering on these questions. Research is the way in which these questions may be answered, but the question remains, as to what type of research leads us to the right answer or, if there is a right answer, what is the one true answer? If different research methods produce different answers, which is the right, the true answer and ifRead MoreCan You Be Happy Without God?8898 Words   |  36 Pagesinterest. I then conducted brief secondary research to narrow down my choices. By the end of that process I reduced my list down to three broad topics; religion, life satisfaction and adolescence. After much con templation on which topic to further pursue I decided to combine all three and make my broad research topic the impact of religiosity on an adolescent individual’s life satisfaction. In the following weeks I conducted thorough secondary research on my topic, looking through a range of booksRead Morebullet theory7360 Words   |  30 Pagesindustriesamp;rdquo; of advertising and propaganda being utilized by industries and governments alike. In the 1930s, the Payne Fund, developed by the Motion Picture Research Council, studied the impact of motion pictures on children to see if the magic bullet effect was controllable. Even Hitler monopolized the mass media in the belief that he could use it unify the German public behind the Nazis in the 1940s. Function The theory amp;ldquo;suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the amp;lsquo;mediaRead More3521 Unit 1 Essay example10967 Words   |  44 Pagesliterature to justify a project proposal use appropriate language in project proposals Introduction Part of the work involved in a research project is the writing of the project proposal. The proposal is a brief account of the topic or area you have chosen to examine and a brief explanation of how you intend to investigate the topic. An effective project proposal can help you to convince your readers, such as your supervisor, that you have a worthwhile reason for conducting the project. It also shows thatRead MoreExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children8167 Words   |  33 PagesExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children Rational ======== Every child goes through the same education system, every child works through the same ‘curriculum 2000’ set by New Labour and every child sits the same exams up to the age of 16. So why are there marked differences in educational attainment for ethnic minority students? My main aim is to find out if racism is the main cause of the gap between different ethnic groupsRead MoreCoffee Culture17291 Words   |  70 Pageschanges. We wanted to increase our knowledge about how these changes can make Sweden a more attractive country for coffee shops, like Starbucks, wanting to establish in Sweden. We choose to use a qualitative method with an abductive approach. To gather the primary data we interviewed one barista and sent questionnaires to staff at different big coffee shops in Sweden. The interview questions were made out of five categories of describing culture by Rugman and Hodgetts. These answers and a multipleRead MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 PagesCOMMUNICATION SOCIETY, 2000, 3(1), 3–37 Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century Thomas E. Ruggiero Communications Department University of Texas at El Paso Some mass communications scholars have contended that uses and gratifications is not a rigorous social science theory. In this article, I argue just the opposite, and any attempt to speculate on the future direction of mass communication theory must seriously include the uses and gratifications approach. In this articleRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 Pagesare some benefits of using the multiple intelligences approach in my school? 7. How can applying M.I. theory help students learn better? 8. How can I find out more about M.I. theory? PART II – Demonstration 1. Seeing MI in action 2. What do M.I. lesson plans look like? 3. Poll PART III – Exploration 1. How will we explore multiple intelligences theory in the classroom? 2. How do I apply multiple intelligences (M.I.) theory in my classroom? 3. What are some simpleRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages.............................................................................. 11 History................................................................................................................................... 12 Psychology (Clinical--research)............................................................................................ 14 Psychology (cross-cultural) .................................................................................................. 16 Psychology (School)

‘Examine the Reasons Why Some Sociologists Choose Not to...

A questionnaire is a list of a research or survey questions asked to respondents, and designed to extract quantitative date. Questionnaires are easily distributed to the community and can be completed and collected on the spot or be emailed or posted back to the researcher. Self completed questionnaires are the most common survey as they are cheap and can be passed to a lot of people. Some sociologists tend not to use questionnaires because of their low response rate and lack of validity. Also, some people may give false information so some researchers like to stick to interviews and experiments for increased accuracy. I will explore why sociologists shy away from using questionnaires. Positivists favour questionnaires because they†¦show more content†¦A valid method is one that give a true picture of the peoples meaning and experiences, yet interpretivists argue that questionnaires are more likely to impose the researchers own meanings than to reveal those of the respondent. When a researcher chooses a question he automatically has decided that that is an important question and what is not. If researchers use close-ended questions, respondents cant include all the data they have to offer and have to fit their views into the question asked, if they use open ended questions the respondents have a chance to put all their meanings down, this could be more time consuming for collecting the date after. Shipman says when the researchers categories are not the respondents categories ‘pruning and bending’ is inevitable. He determines questionnaires as straitjackets and undermines the validity of the data. Another way of getting a true picture of the r espondent is through triangulation- the use of 3 or more methods to achieve the same or similar results, it can be achieved through quantitative and qualitative data which makes it more reliable, questionnaires can be used adequately. In conclusion, it is clear that there are a lot of reasons as to why some sociologists choose not to use questionnaires when carrying out research. Some of the mainShow MoreRelatedStructured Interviews1122 Words   |  5 PagesExamine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use structured interviews when conducting their research (20 marks) Many sociologists choose to use structured interviews when they are conducting their research, because by having a structured interview there are a set of prepared questions that are close-ended and already have pre-coded answers. One reason why researchers choose to use structured interviews is because they are cheap, quick and easy to do. This is because by going out and actuallyRead MoreResearch Methodology Essay4336 Words   |  18 Pageswhat circumstances have to come about to lead to different phenomena to occur? Sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and social scientists have spent eons of time pondering on these questions. Research is the way in which these questions may be answered, but the question remains, as to what type of research leads us to the right answer or, if there is a right answer, what is the one true answer? If different research methods produce different answers, which is the right, the true answer and ifRead MoreCan You Be Happy Without God?8898 Words   |  36 Pagesinterest. I then conducted brief secondary research to narrow down my choices. By the end of that process I reduced my list down to three broad topics; religion, life satisfaction and adolescence. After much con templation on which topic to further pursue I decided to combine all three and make my broad research topic the impact of religiosity on an adolescent individual’s life satisfaction. In the following weeks I conducted thorough secondary research on my topic, looking through a range of booksRead Morebullet theory7360 Words   |  30 Pagesindustriesamp;rdquo; of advertising and propaganda being utilized by industries and governments alike. In the 1930s, the Payne Fund, developed by the Motion Picture Research Council, studied the impact of motion pictures on children to see if the magic bullet effect was controllable. Even Hitler monopolized the mass media in the belief that he could use it unify the German public behind the Nazis in the 1940s. Function The theory amp;ldquo;suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the amp;lsquo;mediaRead More3521 Unit 1 Essay example10967 Words   |  44 Pagesliterature to justify a project proposal use appropriate language in project proposals Introduction Part of the work involved in a research project is the writing of the project proposal. The proposal is a brief account of the topic or area you have chosen to examine and a brief explanation of how you intend to investigate the topic. An effective project proposal can help you to convince your readers, such as your supervisor, that you have a worthwhile reason for conducting the project. It also shows thatRead MoreExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children8167 Words   |  33 PagesExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children Rational ======== Every child goes through the same education system, every child works through the same ‘curriculum 2000’ set by New Labour and every child sits the same exams up to the age of 16. So why are there marked differences in educational attainment for ethnic minority students? My main aim is to find out if racism is the main cause of the gap between different ethnic groupsRead MoreCoffee Culture17291 Words   |  70 Pageschanges. We wanted to increase our knowledge about how these changes can make Sweden a more attractive country for coffee shops, like Starbucks, wanting to establish in Sweden. We choose to use a qualitative method with an abductive approach. To gather the primary data we interviewed one barista and sent questionnaires to staff at different big coffee shops in Sweden. The interview questions were made out of five categories of describing culture by Rugman and Hodgetts. These answers and a multipleRead MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 PagesCOMMUNICATION SOCIETY, 2000, 3(1), 3–37 Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century Thomas E. Ruggiero Communications Department University of Texas at El Paso Some mass communications scholars have contended that uses and gratifications is not a rigorous social science theory. In this article, I argue just the opposite, and any attempt to speculate on the future direction of mass communication theory must seriously include the uses and gratifications approach. In this articleRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 Pagesare some benefits of using the multiple intelligences approach in my school? 7. How can applying M.I. theory help students learn better? 8. How can I find out more about M.I. theory? PART II – Demonstration 1. Seeing MI in action 2. What do M.I. lesson plans look like? 3. Poll PART III – Exploration 1. How will we explore multiple intelligences theory in the classroom? 2. How do I apply multiple intelligences (M.I.) theory in my classroom? 3. What are some simpleRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages.............................................................................. 11 History................................................................................................................................... 12 Psychology (Clinical--research)............................................................................................ 14 Psychology (cross-cultural) .................................................................................................. 16 Psychology (School)

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine Excellent topics for speech on sociological questions may lead to positive outcome and self-education. There are a lot of varieties of essays, it is not hard to get rid of an eye on all your writing assignments. If you don't understand how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be pleased to help you. To make it simpler for you to compose a vital analysis essay, we've got a very helpful analysis writing template that will steer you through the most essential points. Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine In fact, daycares have some advantages and pitfalls. The price of implementing an information process is expensive. The price of installing, and maintaining the information process is comparatively significant. Reiterate Make sure you are addressing the technical, administrative and emotional facets of the customer concerns. It might be necessary to repeatedly acknowledge the customer emotion to defuse the situation and reassure the customer that you're attentive to the significance of the emotional distress together with the technical matter. While it is crucial to fix the technical issue, it's also appropriate to acknowledge the risks that create the emotional reaction. Dealing with people isn't easy particularly when you're offering services. Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine: No Longer a Mystery Visualization is the best method to memorize needed information. Weight training also assists in facilitating a better health and mental mindset. Purpose Weight training is a crucial portion of physical fitness along with workout routine. Training in Chinese herbalism might be another portion of a training program in acupuncture or it can stand alone. Have you ever heard a doctor say, If you would like to be healthy you must lose 50 pounds. In some remote regions of the Earth, herbs could be the sole treatment readily available to the vast majority of individuals. 1 important point to know about alternative medication and possibly the most important thing is it cannot fix everything and it doesn't claim to repair everything. It's usually known as treating the entire individual. Practitioners often talk in regard to attempting to take care of the root cause of disease and could prescribe herbs directed at correcting patterns of dysfunction as opposed to targeting the presenting symptoms. Functional training is connected with this evolution. Advanced training in pediatrics means that you'll be qualified to supply specialized nursing services to infants, young children and adolescents. Because of the emphasis on whole body therapy, natural medicine practitioners often offer patients lots of attention. Herbs have a tendency to be inexpensive in contrast to drugs. Herbal medicine probably presents a greater danger of adverse results and interactions than every other complementary therapy. Herbal medicine, also referred to as herbalism or botanical medicine, is a health system based on using plants or plant extracts that might be eaten or put on the epidermis. Using Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine After you submit your purchase, we start searching for the ideal writer to finish your assignment based on your requirements. You've got to comprehend what sort of an article you're going to work with, which means you can develop a proper tone and format of your upcoming essay. It would be helpful if it's something you are most passionate about so that you may write in great information. The first thing you've got to do is think of a topic that you nee d to right about. This section consists of two examples of very good college essays. Therefore, the matter of cost-effectiveness ought to be well reflected and either side of the coin should look well. By showing that you're not the last authority on this issue, you're perceived as humble and ready to learn. New Step by Step Roadmap for Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine Problems like bringing back lost lovers, bringing very good luck, passing examinations together with getting rich for prestigious reasons have a tendency to get achieved in a spiritual way. There are quite a lot of tactics to compose an essay so you'll hardly locate an all-included recipe for a great many essay occasions. It's well worth mentioning that, being in the info age, the usage of barbaric ways to fight rival groups has long ago been phased out. One of the greatest practices is imagining that you're attempting to explain your point to your granny.

Lyme disease Essay Thesis Example For Students

Lyme disease Essay Thesis In the early 1970s, a mysterious clustering of arthritis occurred among children in Lyme, Connecticut, and surrounding towns. Medical researchers soon recognized the illness as a distinct disease, which they called Lyme disease. They subsequently described the clinical features of Lyme disease, established the usefulness of antibiotic therapy in its treatment, identified the deer tick as the key to its spread, and isolated the bacterium that caused it. Lyme disease is still mistaken for other diseases, and it continues to pose many other challenges: it can be difficult to diagnose because of the inadequacies of todays laboratory tests; it can be troublesome to treat in its later phases; and its prevention through the development of an effective vaccine is hampered by the elusive nature of the bacterium. Lyme disease was first recognized in 1975 after researchers investigated why unusually large numbers of children were being diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Lyme and tw o neighboring towns. The investigators discovered that most of the affected children lived near wooded areas likely to harbor ticks. They also found that the childrens first symptoms typically started in the summer months coinciding with the height of the tick season. Several of the patients interviewed reported having a skin rash just before developing their arthritis, and many also recalled being bitten by a tick at the rash site. Further investigations resulted in the discovery that tiny deer ticks infected with a spiral-shaped bacterium or spirochete (which was later named Borrelia burgdorferi) were responsible for the outbreak of arthritis in Lyme. In Europe, a skin rash similar to that of Lyme disease had been described in medical literature dating back to the turn of the century. Lyme disease may have spread from Europe to the United States in the early 1900s but only recently became common enough to be detected. The ticks most commonly infected with B. burgdorferi usually fe ed and mate on deer during part of their life cycle. The recent resurgence of the deer population in the northeast and the influx of suburban developments into rural areas where deer ticks are commonly found have probably contributed to the diseases rising commonness. The number of reported cases of Lyme disease, as well as the number of geographic areas, in which it is found, has been increasing. Lyme disease has been reported in nearly all states in this country, although most cases are concentrated in the coastal northeast, Mid-Atlantic States, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and northern California. Lyme disease is endemic in large areas of Asia and Europe. Recent reports suggest that it is present in South America, too. Ticks that Most Commonly Transmit B. burgdorferi in the U.S. (These ticks are all quite similar in appearance.)Ixodes dammini -most common in the northeast and midwest Ixodes scapularis -found in south and southeast Ixodes pacificus -found on west coast Erythema Migrans. In most people, the first symptom of Lyme disease is a red rash known as erythema migrans (EM). The telltale rash starts as a small red spot that expands over a period of days or weeks, forming a circular, triangular, or oval shaped rash. Sometimes the rash resembles a bulls eye because it appears as a red ring surrounding a central clear area. The rash, which can range in size from that of a dime to the entire width of a persons back, appears within a few weeks of a tick bite and usually occurs at the site of a bite. As infection spreads, several rashes can appear at different sites on the body. Erythema migrans is often accompanied by symptoms such as fever, headache, stiff neck, body aches, and fatigue. Although these flu-like symptoms may resemble those of common viral inf ections, Lyme disease symptoms tend to persist or may occur intermittently. After several months of being infected by B. burgdorferi, slightly more than half of those people not treated with antibiotics develop recurrent attacks of painful and swollen joints that last a few days to a few months. The arthritis can shift from one joint to another; the knee is most commonly affected. About 10 to 20 percent of untreated patients will go on to develop chronic arthritis. Lyme disease can also affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as stiff neck and severe headache (meningitis), temporary paralysis of facial muscles (Bells palsy), numbness, pain or weakness in the limbs, or poor motor coordination. More subtle changes such as memory loss, difficulty with concentration and a change in mood or sleeping habits have also been associated with Lyme disease. Nervous system abnormalities usually develop several weeks, months, or even years following an untreated infection. These symptoms often last for weeks or months and may recur. Heart Problems. Fewer than one out of ten Lyme disease patients develops heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, which can be signaled by dizziness or shortness of breath. These symptoms rarely last more than a few days or weeks. Such heart abnormalities generally surface several weeks after infection. Less commonly, Lyme disease can result in eye inflammation, hepatitis, and severe fatigue, although none of these problems is likely to appear without other Lyme disease symptoms being present. Lyme disease may be difficult to diagnose because many of its symptoms mimic those of other disorders. In addition, the only distinctive hallmark unique to Lyme disease-the erythema migrans rash-is absent in at least one-fourth of the people who become infected. Although a tick bite is an important clue for diagnosis, many patients cannot recall having been bitten recently by a tick. This is not surprising because the tick is tiny, and a ti ck bite is usually painless. When a patient with possible Lyme disease symptoms does not develop the distinctive rash, a physician will rely on a detailed medical history and a careful physical examination for essential clues to diagnosis, with laboratory tests playing a supportive role. Unfortunately, the Lyme disease microbe itself is difficult to isolate or culture from body tissues or fluids. Most physicians look for evidence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi in the blood to confirm the bacteriums role as the cause of a patients symptoms. Some patients experiencing nervous system symptoms may also undergo a spinal tap. Through this procedure doctors can detect brain and spinal cord inflammation and can look for antibodies in the spinal fluid. The inadequacies of the currently available antibody tests may prevent them from firmly establishing whether the Lyme disease bacterium is causing a patients symptoms. In the first few weeks following infection, antibody tests are not re liable because a patients immune system has not produced enough antibodies to be detected. Antibiotics given to a patient early during infection may also prevent antibodies from reaching detectable levels, even though the Lyme disease bacterium is the cause of the patients symptoms. Because some tests cannot distinguish Lyme disease antibodies from antibodies to similar organisms, patients may test positive for Lyme disease when their symptoms actually stem from other bacterial infections. A lack of standardization of antibody tests and poor quality control also contribute to inaccuracies in test results. Due to these pitfalls, physicians must rely on their clinical judgment in diagnosing someone with Lyme disease even though the patient does not have the distinctive erythema migrans rash. Such a diagnosis would be based on the history of a tick bite, the patients symptoms, a thorough ruling out of other diseases that might cause those symptoms, and other implicating evidence. This evidence could include such factors as an initial appearance of symptoms during the summer months when tick bites are most likely to occur, outdoor exposure in an area where Lyme disease is common, and a clustering of Lyme disease symptoms among family members. To improve the accuracy of Lyme disease diagnosis, NIH supported researchers are developing a number of new tests that promise to be more reliable than currently available procedures. Some of these detect distinctive protein fragments of the Lyme disease bacterium in fluid samples. NIH scientists are developing tests that use the highly sensitive genetic engineering technique, known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to detect extremely small quantities of the genetic material of the Lyme disease bacterium in body tissues and fluids. Several new methods to detect infection are under development in NIH laboratories. Scientists have isolated a protein of B. burgdorferi, called p39, that reacts strongly on blood tests. The pres ence of antibodies to this protein was found to be a strong indicator of the presence of B. burgdorferi. Although further research will be needed to determine how soon after infection it can detect the bacterium, p39 may prove to be an ideal test for Lyme disease. A somewhat different approach is the use of an assay based on two closely related spirochetal proteins that are not found in other species of bacterial spirochetes. This assay differs from blood tests now in use because it detects products of the spirochete itself rather than detecting human antibodies to the bacterium. Most Common Symptoms of Lyme Disease (One or more may be present at different times during infection) Early Infection:Rash (erythema migrans) Muscle and joint aches Headache Stiff neck Significant fatigue Fever Facial paralysis (Bells palsy) Meningitis Brief episodes of joint pain and swelling Less common:Eye problems such as conjunctivitis Heart abnormalities such as heart block and myocarditis Late Infect ion Arthritis, intermittent or chronic Even Less common:Neurologic conditions such as encephalitis or confusion Nearly all Lyme disease patients can be effectively treated with an appropriate course of antibiotic therapy. In general, the sooner such therapy is begun following infection, the quicker and more complete the recovery. Antibiotics, such as doxycycline or amoxicillin taken orally for a few weeks, can speed the healing of the erythema migrans rash and usually prevent subsequent symptoms such as arthritis or neurological problems. Patients younger than 9 years or pregnant or lactating women with Lyme disease are treated with amoxicillin or penicillin because doxycycline can stain the permanent teeth developing in young children or unborn babies. Patients allergic to penicillin are given erythromycin. Lyme disease patients with neurological symptoms are usually treated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone given intravenously once a day for a month or less. Most patients experience full recovery. Lyme arthritis may be treated with oral antibiotics. Patients with severe arthritis may be treated with ceftriaxone or penicillin given intravenously. To ease these patients discomfort and further their healing, the physician might also give anti-inflammatory drugs, draw fluid from affected joints, or surgically remove the inflamed lining of the joints. Lyme arthritis resolves in most patients within a few weeks or months following antibiotic therapy, although it can take years to disappear completely in some people. Some Lyme disease patients who are untreated for several years may be cured of their arthritis with the proper antibiotic regimen. If the disease has persisted long enough, however, it may irreversibly damage the structure of the joints. Physicians prefer to treat Lyme disease patients experiencing heart symptoms with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or penicillin given intravenously for about 2 weeks. If these symptoms persist or are severe enough, patie nts may also be treated with corticosteroids or given a temporary internal cardiac pacemaker. People with Lyme disease rarely experience long-term heart damage. Following treatment for Lyme disease, some people still have persistent fatigue and achiness. This general malaise can take months to subside, although it generally does so spontaneously without requiring additional antibiotic therapy. Researchers are currently conducting studies to assess the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for the various manifestations of Lyme disease. Investigators are also testing newly developed antibiotics for their effectiveness in countering the Lyme disease bacterium. Unfortunately, a bout with Lyme disease is no guarantee that the illness will be pre-vented in the future. The disease can strike more than once in the same individual if he or she is reinfected with the Lyme disease bacterium. At present, the best way to avoid Lyme disease is to avoid deer ticks. Although generally only about one percent of all deer ticks are infected with the Lyme disease bacterium, in some areas more than half of them harbor the microbe. Most people with Lyme disease become infected during the summer, when immature ticks are most prevalent. Except in warm climates, few people are bitten by deer ticks during winter months. Deer ticks are most often found in wooded areas and nearby grasslands, and are especially common where the two areas merge. Because the adult ticks feed on deer, areas where deer are frequently seen are likely to harbor sizable numbers of deer ticks. To help prevent tick bites, people entering tick infested areas should walk in the center of trails to avoid picking up ticks from overhanging grass and brush. To minimize skin exposure to both ticks and insect repellents, people outdoors in tick-infested areas should wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts that fit tightly at the ankles and wrists. As a further safeguard, people should wear a hat, tuck pant legs into soc ks, and wear shoes that leave no part of the feet exposed. To make it easy to detect ticks, people should wear light-colored clothing. To repel ticks, people can spray their clothing with the insecticide permethrin, which is commonly found in lawn and garden stores. Insect repellents that contain a chemical called DEET (N,NdiethylM-toluamide) can also be applied to clothing or directly onto skin. Although highly effective, these repellents can cause some serious side effects, particularly when high concentrations are used repeatedly on the skin. Infants and children may be especially at risk for adverse reactions to DEET. Pregnant women should be especially careful to avoid ticks in Lyme disease areas because the infection can be transferred to the unborn child. Such a prenatal infection can make the woman more likely to miscarry or deliver a stillborn baby. Once indoors, people should check themselves and their children for ticks, particularly in the hairy regions of the body. The immature deer ticks that are most likely to cause Lyme disease are only about the size of a poppy seed, so they are easily mistaken for a freckle or a speck of dirt. All clothing should be washed. Pets should be checked for ticks before entering the house, because they, too, can develop symptoms of Lyme disease. In addition, a pet can carry ticks into the house. These ticks could fall off without biting the animal and subsequently attach to and bite people inside the house. If a tick is discovered attached to the skin, it should be pulled out gently with tweezers, taking care not to squeeze the ticks body. An antiseptic should then be applied to the bite. Studies by NIH supported researchers suggest that a tick must be attached for many hours to transmit the Lyme disease bacterium, so prompt tick removal could prevent the disease. The risk of developing Lyme disease from a tick bite is small, even in heavily infested areas, and most physicians prefer not to treat patients bitten by ticks with antibiotics unless they develop symptoms of Lyme disease. Because Lyme disease is difficult to diagnose and sometimes does not respond to treatment, researchers are trying to create a vaccine that will protect people from the disorder. Vaccines work in part by prompting the body to generate antibodies. These custom shaped molecules lock onto specific proteins made by a virus or bacterium-often those proteins lodged in the microbes outer coat. Once antibodies attach to an invading microbe, other immune defenses are evoked to destroy it. Development of an effective vaccine for Lyme disease has been difficult to create for a number of reasons. Scientists need to find out how the immune system protects against the bacterium because people who have been infected once can acquire the infection again. In addition, there are several different strains of the bacterium, each with its own distinct set of proteins, and bacteria within an individual strain may change the shape of thei r proteins over time so that antibodies can no longer identify and lock onto them. Tick Eradication. In the meantime, researchers are trying to develop an effective strategy for ridding areas of deer ticks. Studies show that a single fall spraying of pesticide in wooded areas can substantially reduce the number of adult deer ticks residing there for as long as a year. Spraying on a large scale, however, may not be economically feasible and may prompt environmental or health concerns. Scientists are also pursuing biological control of deer ticks by introducing tiny stingerless wasps, which feed on immature ticks, into tick-infested areas. Researchers are currently assessing the effectiveness of this technique. Successful control of deer ticks will probably depend on a combination of tactics. More studies are needed before wide-scale tick control strategies can be implemented. Tips for Personal ProtectionAvoid tick-infested areas, especially in May, June, and July.*Wear light-colored clothing so that ticks can be easily spotted. Wear long-sleeved shirts and closed shoes and socks. Tuck pant legs into socks or boots and tuck shirt into pants. Apply insect repellent containing permethrin to pants, socks, and shoes, and compounds containing DEET on exposed skin. Do not overuse these products. Walk in the center of trails to avoid overgrown grass and brush. After being outdoors in a tick-infested area, remove, wash, and dry clothing. Inspect the body thoroughly and remove carefully any attached ticks. Check pets for ticks. How to Remove a TickTug gently but firmly with blunt tweezers near the head of the tick until it releases its hold on the skin. To lessen the chance of contact with the bacterium, try not to crush the ticks body or handle the tick with bare fingers. Swab the bite area thoroughly with an antiseptic to prevent bacterial infection. Although Lyme disease poses many challenges, they are challenges the medical research community is well equipped to meet . New information on Lyme disease is

Withholding federal tax income an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Withholding federal tax income The essay discusses various responsibilities of employers in respect to withholding of taxes. It indicates that employers play a crucial role in the administration of tax laws and in the collection of taxes from the employees. The essay shows the importance of employers playing their responsibilities well as they ease the collection of taxes by making it time efficient and cost effective. The responsibilities of employers in respect to withholding of taxes are mandatory and therefore any employer who fails to follow them fully is liable under the tax laws. Need essay sample on "Withholding federal tax income" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Usually Tell Us: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writer professionals suggest: Professionals Are Creating Successful College Custom Essays! Top Rated Essay Writing Service Essay Writing Service Reviews Best Essay Writing Service College Essay Writing Service Introduction Employees earn taxable income as a result of services they offer to their respective employers. Anyone earning some income is expected under the tax laws to pay all the taxes without delay to the tax authorities. One of the major principles of tax collection is being economical in collecting taxes. The tax laws thus require any employer remunerating taxable income to an employee to deduct the tax liable on the employees remuneration before paying an employee his or her remuneration net of withholding tax. The employer is then required to submit the withheld taxes to the tax authorities on behalf of his or her employees (Dimsuyu, 1998). Responsibilities of employers in withholding federal income tax All employers have the responsibility of withholding all the tax due on their employees in respect to the remuneration being paid to the employees. This implies that if an employee has other sources of income which are taxable, the employer cannot withhold taxes based on such incomes which are not earned from the employment offered by the employer. The employer thus indicates on the pay slip of the employer, the gross income earned by the employee and the withheld tax. Basically, by the employer withholding taxes liable on his employees to the tax authorities, he simply collects such taxes on behalf of such authorities (Schriebman, 2002). Each and every household employer is required under the tax laws to withhold the right taxes from the paychecks of their employees. Specifically, the employers have the responsibilities of withholding the following taxes; half of the employees Medicare and social security; federal income taxes which should be based on the chosen allowances by the employee found in form W-4; state income tax that is based on the allowances selected by an employee also on W-4 form; and finally, the employers have the responsibility of withholding state taxes. This implies that before an employer pays his or her employees their wages, the employer must deduct such taxes and pay them to the respective tax authorities. But all the deductions made by the employer in respect to taxes withheld must be well indicated on the employees pay slips in order to show how the net payable amount was arrived at (Ryesky, 2003). Employers are required to report all income earned by their employees and the employment taxes they withhold from the income of their employees. They should then deposit the full amount of these taxes to either a bank or any other authorized financial institutions on behalf of their employees. The authorized financial institutions where the withheld taxes are deposited have to meet all the deposit requirements as stipulated by the federal tax laws. Every year, an employer has the responsibility of filling in the FUTA report. This report shows the amount of tax withheld by the employer during the year, the income that was earned by the employees and the taxes paid by the employer on behalf of the employees to the federal tax authorities (Schriebman, 2002). It is the responsibility of the employers to ensure that before the first day of December every year, he or she has advised all the employees to fully update their tax withholding forms. Employers should ensure that all the employees have duly completed and filed form W-4, which is the withholding certificate of the employees, and if there is any alteration which have o be made should be done so in time. If the completion of such forms indicates that an employee has altered his or her name recently, the employer has the responsibility of advising such an employee to report such changes to SSA in order to be given the social security card which reflects such changes. The employers also have the responsibility of telling their employees that all the social security cards must be up dated regularly in order to show clearly the names that are applicable for purposes of employment (Schriebman, 2002). It is worth noting that the responsibilities of employers in respect to withholding of taxes are obligations under the tax laws. This therefore means that employers must fully comply with all the stipulated requirements under the tax laws regarding withholding of taxes. Employers who fail to comply with these laws are liable under the law. In addition, they have to pay the taxes which were due on the employees, which they did not withhold (Dimsuyu, 1998). Conclusion All employers are required by the tax laws to withhold certain taxes from the taxable incomes of their employees. The responsibilities of the employers regarding to withholding of taxes ensure that there is increased tax collection efficiency as taxes of several employers are collected from a central point as opposed from being collected from each and every employer. It is the responsibility of the employers to deposit the withheld taxes banks and other financial institutions that are duly authorized by the tax authorities. The employers also have the responsibility of advising their employees on various issues relating to withholding of taxes. Such responsibilities enable the employees to be more conversant with the tax laws and also be able to complete various forms that are required for purposes of withholding of taxes. Reference: Dimsuyu, I. (1998): New York State and City Withholding Obligation, Magazine article of The CPA Journal, Vol. 68 Ryesky, K.H. (2003): "In Employers We Trust": the Federal Right of Contribution under Internal Revenue Code Section 6672, Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, Vol. 9 Schriebman, R.S. (2002): IRS Tax Collection Procedures, ISBN 0808008447, CCH.