Pre-Darwinism Views Essays - Biological Evolution, Sexual Selection

Pre-Darwinism Views Essays - Biological Evolution, Sexual Selection Pre-Darwinism Views Prior to November 24, 1859, numerous individuals essentially accepted that species were made by God in their current structures, or that it was feasible for natural issue to be brought forth from inorganic issue. Be that as it may, Charles Darwin utilized these plans to make his theory, On the Source of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The principal genuine hypotheses on advancement emerge during the old style Greek period. On a bunch of Greek scholars had confidence in the hypothesis of advancement and normal choice. Sadly, the two scholars who impacted western human advancement the most, Plato furthermore, Aristotle, restricted any hypothesis of advancement. Plato accepted that there were two universes, one genuine world, and one flawed world that we see with our faculties. Any varieties in life were defective pictures of their optimal structures. In any case, Aristotle didnt have faith in two universes; rather, he had confidence in a size of nature. Every living thing was orchestrated on a kind of stepping stool. It began at the base with the least intricate life form also, proceeded up to the most intricate life form. Every living being had a pre-decided rung, which permitted no capacity to go up, and no open spaces for another life form to fill. As per Neil Campbell in his book, Biology: Fourth Edition, Juedo-Christian culture sustained enemy of development hypotheses. (p. 400-401) The creationist-essentialist creed that species were lasting and made for a particular reason turned out to be profoundly implanted in Western idea. Any individual who set out to estimate or have faith in hypotheses about advancement were right away named apostates. The medieval church considered development to be stating that God didn't exist, that we are not the preeminent creation, and that people could just be developmental errors. Be that as it may, in the later 1700s and mid 1800s there was a logical upheaval occurring. Individuals started to utilize logical trials to clarify what they had consistently put confidence in. As per Campbell, the principal large advance in the improvement of the hypothesis of advancement was made via Carolus Linnaeus. (p. 400-401) Linnaeus was the originator of scientific categorization and built up the naming framework for living beings that we despite everything use today. He assembled living beings dependent on comparative attributes. This, for Darwin, would turn into a point of convergence of his hypothesis of development. At the point when Darwin started his examination on board the H.M.S. Beagle in 1831, he had a few pre-built thoughts. The first was that he dismissed Platos, Aristotles, and the Churchs thoughts that creature were made the manner in which they are, and will never show signs of change. The second was about Linnaeus documenting framework; Darwin accepted that comparable species must of advanced from comparable precursors. During his stumble on the Beagle, Darwin gathered 13 various kinds of finches that he accepted were various species. At the point when he came back to Extraordinary Britain in 1836, he gained from ornithologists that the 13 unique kinds of finches he gathered, were surely independent species. This revelation drove Darwin to conjecture that if a species was confined, at that point it would adjust to accommodate its environmental factors; simply like how the finches adjusted new bills relying upon their local kinds of food. At last in 1844, Darwin composed an exposition on his hypothesis of characteristic determination and the root of species. At the point when Darwin completed his book on development, The Origin of Species, he had two significant thoughts: the first was that advancement was the clarification for lifes solidarity and assorted variety; the second was that characteristic determination is the reason for adjustments. Darwin given various case of his hypotheses, however he was still questioned. In any case, on of his cutting edge supporters named Ernst Mayr has given his own speculations and confirmation of Darwins thoughts. Concerning Darwins thoughts on characteristic determination and adjustment, Mayr utilized an firmly related gathering of bug species to demonstrate this point. In Malaya round, pink blossoms are normal; so the mantid local to Malya is round and pink. Be that as it may, in Central America, most plants have green, oval-like leaves; so the mantid to Central America is green and oval-like fit as a fiddle. This model shows how types of basic heritage have adjusted to accommodate their individual environmental factors. Regarding Darwins thoughts on advancement, we will take a gander at the mustard plant. The mustard plant is the evolutional predecessor of six distinct vegetables: cauliflower, cabbage, brussels grows, broccoli, kale, and kohlrabi. Raiser have had the option to demonstrate this by concentrating on one specific piece of the plant to complement. The procedure of complementing the plant parts by reproducers is proof of development, then again, actually people are controlling the outcomes to address their own issues. There truly isn't significantly more data on

Optical fiber free essay sample

A kind of inside link intended for flat use in non-plenum regions. While level link must be fire retardant, the National Electrical Code (NEC) details are not as requesting as those administering the utilization of plenum link or riser link. See likewise NEC, plenum, plenum link, and riser link. 2. Spine Cable : Backbone cabling is the between building and intra-building link associations in organized cabling between entrance offices, gear rooms and media communications wardrobes. Spine cabling comprises of the transmission media, primary and middle of the road cross-interfaces and terminations at these areas. This framework is for the most part utilized in server farms. 3. Fix Cords: a short string with an attachment at each end, or a fitting toward one side and a couple of clasps at the other, utilized for briefly associating two bits of gear or sign ways. 4. Connectors: A gadget for holding two pieces of an electrical transmitter in contact. 5. Conductor: A cylinder or conduit for encasing electric wires or link. 6. Racks: A PC rack (usually called a rack) is a metal edge used to hold different equipment gadgets, for example, servers, hard circle drives, modems and other electronic gear. Some may allude to a rack as LAN or system furniture as takes after a racking structure where segments can be joined vertically, stacked on each other. A PC rack can likewise be known as a transfer rack or open rack. 7. Punch-Down Blocks: is a kind of electrical association frequently utilized in communication. It is named in light of the fact that the strong copper wires are punched down into short open-finished spaces which are a sort of protection uprooting connectors. These openings, generally cut transversely (not the long way) over a protecting plastic bar, contain two sharp metal edges which slice through the wires protection as it is punched down. These edges hold the wire in position and reach the wire also. 8. Union Points: a discretionary gadget for interconnecting flat links between the Horizontal Cross-Connect and the Telecommunications Outlet or MUTOA inside an organized cabling framework. 9. Crimpers: An apparatus used to pleat, to join two bits of metal 10. Fish Tape : a level tempered spring-steel tape or wire utilized in pulling electric wire and links (as into conductor runs) â€called additionally snake wire 11. Progression Tester: is a thing of electrical test gear used to decide whether an electrical way can be built up between two points;[1] that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit under test is totally de-stimulated before interfacing the mechanical assembly 12. Class 5e/6 Cable : cabling is utilized as a cabling foundation for 10BASE-T (Ethernet), full duplex 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet) and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GbE) systems. The Cat 5e standard gives execution of up to 100 MHz and can be utilized something like a greatest length of 100 meters. 13. Fastener Groups: A gathering of wire sets bound together, ordinarily by a shading coded plastic tape or string. In an enormous wound pair link, there might be numerous sets consolidated into fastener gatherings of 25 sets for simplicity of availability the executives. Each pair inside a folio bunch is exceptionally shading coded for additional simplicity of the board. See additionally link and wire. 14. Half and half/Composite Cable : composite link An interchanges link having both optical and metallic sign conveying segments. Note 1: A link having optical fiber(s) and a metallic part, e. g. , a metallic curved pair, utilized exclusively for conduction of electric capacity to repeaters, qualifies as a composite link. Note 2: A link having optical fiber(s) , in addition to a metallic quality part or protective layer, doesn't qualify as a composite link. Half and half †¢An optical interchanges link having at least two unique sorts of optical filaments, e. g. , single-mode and multimode strands. 15. Pulling Cable : The demonstration of pulling the wires, starting at a manikin; subsequently, mystery impact or the board, particularly in governmental issues; interest 6. Frequencies of Light: The length of a solitary pattern of a wave, normally estimated from peak to-peak. For electromagnetic waves 17. EMI : is the interruption of activity of an electronic gadget when it is in the region of an electromagnetic field (EM field) in the radio recurrence (RF) range that is brought about by another electronic gadg et. 18. Optical-Fiber Strand : Is this alluding to the genuine unadulterated glass on the center of the fiber 19. File of Refraction : the proportion of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a medium. 0. wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn 21. Link Jacket : The external defensive covering which covers the center of the link.. 22. Cladding Size : A metal covering fortified onto another metal under high tension and temperature. 23. Multifiber Cables : Fiber optic Cable bearing numerous filaments freely sheathed and fit for conveying inconsequential signs. They frequently encompass a focal quality part, and can be either free or tight-supported. One standard arrangement is a 12-fiber link. 24. Differential Mode Delay: 25. In an optical fiber, the variety in spread postpone that happens on account of the diverse gathering speeds of various modes. Equivalent word multimode bunch delay. 26. Chromatic Dispersion : In optics, scattering is the marvel where the stage speed of a wave relies upon its frequency,[1] or then again when the gathering speed relies upon the recurrence. Media having such a property are named dispersive media. Scattering is some of the time called chromatic scattering to stress its frequency subordinate nature, or gathering speed scattering (GVD) to underscore the job of the gathering speed

William Shakespeare Life Essays - William Shakespeare, Kings Men

William Shakespeare Life On April 26, 1564, John Shakespeare's child, William, was purified through water at the Stratford Parish Church. Nobody knows for certain when his birthday was. (Earthy colored 22) It was felt that youthful Shakespeare started going to class at the age 7, in Stratford. (Wadsworth 344) Before Shakespeare arrived at the age of 13, his family suffered hardships. Shakespeare's conventional tutoring stopped. Around then, William may have started helping his dad in the gloving industry. (Wright 22) There is verifiable warrant for such a methodology. Christian pictures, of course, swarm Shakespeare's way of life, all through his profession he clearly thought as far as them. On the off chance that those pictures are themselves much of the time figurative, furthermore, we ought to consider the degree to which the moral stories are consolidated into the living surface of Shakespeare's manifestations. (Kirch 18) At a youthful age Shakespeare may have seen yearly plays and seen voyaging specialists. These exhibitions conceivably touched off a sparkle that keeps on consuming. (Wright 20) William Shakespeare was an Englishman who composed sonnets and plays. As per numerous he was named as one of the best writers the world has ever known and the best artists who wrote in the English language. Shakespeare's work depended for the most part on his senses of nature. His comprehension of others permitted him to completely get a handle on the quality he composed of. (Wadsworth 342) John Shakespeare wedded Mary Arden in 1557. Both the Shakespeare's and the Arden's were ranchers, and offered their items to get by. (Earthy colored 23) Shakespeare had two sisters. Joan kicked the bucket in 1562; Margaret passed on at early stages. At that point in 1566 Gilbert was conceived. In 1569 every subsequent youngster named Joan was conceived; in 1571 came Anne, who kicked the bucket when she was multi year's old. Richard was then conceived in 1574 followed by Edmund in 1580. (25) William Shakespeare wedded Anne Hathaway at 18 years old. Anne was in any event 8 years her better half's senior. The marriage record dates November 27, 1582 out of an Episcopal register found in Worchester. (45-46) The custom in Stratford after the oldest child wedded, was for the new couple to live in the place of the man of the hour's dad. No doubt, Shakespeare complied with the standard method. (Wright 24) Shakespeare and his better half most likely had a decent and upbeat marriage. She conceived an offspring just a half year after they were legitimately marry. (Wilson 43) Shakespeare's child named Hamnet was just 11 years old when he kicked the bucket. He additionally had a little girl named Judith. Judith Shakespeare had 3 children who kicked the bucket at youthful ages. Shakespeare's just bloodlines were the relatives of his (second) sister Joan. (Earthy colored 25-26) Between 1585 and 1592, there was no record of a man named William Shakespeare. Ordinarily alluded to as the lost years. There were no records of his life. A few researchers accept he was living in London filling in as a disciple. Others accept he withdrew and composed under a phony name. (Wadsworth 345) At about age 20, a few people thought youthful William took a dear from a well off man so as to poach. A wrongdoing not endured during that period. (Wright 6) Eight years before the passing of Shakespeare he composed 4 new plays. Some researcher's discussion, which plays, was his last. Almost no was thought about him before the age of 28. (Wilson 38) He kept on visiting Stratford once in a while. (Wadsworth 347) He purchased a house in London where he step by step resigned. On April 23, Shakespeare was let go inside the Stratford Parish Church in 1616. Shakespeare was a youthful 52 when he passed on. (Wadsworth 347) For about a century after his passing Shakespeare stayed progressively a topic for analysis by the couple of than a subject of idolization by the many. (Brown, 2) William Kent raised a stone sculpture of William Shakespeare. The sculpture is situated in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abby. (Wright 8) Shakespeare might not have felt a calling to compose when he left Stratford, yet he had a long way to go in the huge city of London. (44-45) After Shakespeare went to London, he joined an acting gathering. He had no understanding. He was just an entertainer. (43) William Shakespeare was a significant piece of a troupe called the Lord Chamberlains Men. He in the end turned into a regarded senior part. (11) Writing plays before long turned into a requesting business. Organizations were continually searching for new material. With barely any new plays, organizations started paying for the plays. When a play was sold it turned into the property of the organization. (44-45) Shakespeare composed 37 plays. The plays were isolated into three fundamental classifications: satire, disaster, and history. (Wadsworth 342) With

Diversity in Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decent variety in Organizations - Research Paper Example It is obviously obvious from the conversation that workforce is the premise of achievement of some random association. Much as there are different components of creation to consider in deciding the probability of achievement of any association or business substance, human capital is the most critical. This is on the grounds that; no activities can get fruitful paying little heed to the capital information, except if they are very much overseen and executed. In this way, the requirement for receiving an adaptable human asset program that incorporates various societies and characters inside the tasks of the association is vital. The encompassment an alternate people, from various foundations in religion, socio-social exercises, instruction, and introduction guarantees that the association can maintain variation thoughts, sentiments, and decisions. These are the premise of advancement. Inferable from the way that collaboration is the reason for achievement of some random association, de cent variety proves to be useful. Where decent variety is non-existent, the people included can't communicate and impart thoughts and insights uninhibitedly. This implies there is low or no possibility of conceiving better approaches for getting things done. It is through the free connection of people and their cooperation disposition that makes roads for developments and creations. Different strategies can be embraced to upgrade decent variety atmosphere in an association. Instruction that involves furnishing the supervisory group with applicable and differing preparing abilities is one such technique. This serves to guarantee that the supervisory crew is better positioned to embrace various people and join them in their work power. Such preparing upgrades the administration capacity of guaranteeing each colleague acknowledged and similarly significant, not withstanding their disparities in characters, societies, strict foundations e.t.c. The foundation, authorization, and usage of a lot of code of morals is one more technique. The essential advance in accomplishing this is through the enlistment of people from various circles of life. Introduction, through foundation of value and responsibility, as a basic belief of the association is another strategy that material in improving the atmosphere of decent variety in an association. This guarantees all the people are dealt with similarly, paying little mind to their sexual orientation, starting point, race, religion e.t.c. any gathering, board or board shaped to attempt various errands for the association should be illustrative of the various characters in that association. Each gathering or individual should feel very much spoke to in that development. This goes far to upgrading admiration and collaboration from all the people in the association. There are three methods followed to set up assorted variety atmosphere at a work place. The first is the moderate receptive change, where some essential guidelines are built up in work spot to encourage collaboration, adaptability, and assorted variety. At this stage, the laborers are advanced exclusively dependent on legitimacy and execution. Such standards as those directing advancements are set up and executed by the approach creators. In any case, the issue related with this is not all parts of decent variety are implementable through conventional standards. The subsequent strategy is the fundamental change stage, where the association adjusts quantifies past proper guidelines to direct the accomplishment of assorted variety in the association. At this stage, despite the fact that two individuals from a similar association are better positioned to be advanced dependent on their presentation, a recompense for value is made by advancing another person of an alternate alliance. The last system is the progressive change, where the short-run and the since quite a while ago run needs of the association become an integral factor. Under this stage, t he association sets up value and decent variety in the short-run, while purchasing time to solidify a framework that will bear the cost of programmed adaptability and assorted variety

Presenting the Gospel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introducing the Gospel - Essay Example For the common humanist I would adopt an alternate strategy. Mainstream humanists are individuals who don't have confidence in God or have gotten some distance from him. I would peruse to them Roman 1:16. I would likewise educate them regarding Jeremiah was one of the incredible prophets of the Holy Bible. He most likely lived in the sixth century B.C. Jeremiah is popular as the down and out prophet, whose pitiful life, and predictions of desperate notice to the Jews went to a great extent unnoticed. God purportedly told Jeremiah, â€Å"You will go to them; however as far as it matters for them, they won't tune in to you.† Many hundred of years after the fact he is as yet celebrated as a ground-breaking prophet and man of God. With a superior comprehension of Christian history, they would show signs of improvement feeling of the gospel.            Some individuals right up 'til today consider Jeremiah a sort of prophet of fate whose life was offered over to telling individuals how awful the obliteration of their city would have been. There is something in this thought. Be that as it may, Jeremiah was more critical than a basic doomsayer. He additionally accepted individuals had gotten some distance from God and should turn around to him. He likewise said in his predictions that the annihilation of Jerusalem and the unpleasantness of the wars to be battled would be temporary; the individuals of Israel would have the option to in the end overcome them and wind up in a superior spot soon. In that capacity, there was a confidence about this well known

What Does Depressive Disorder NOS Mean

What Does Depressive Disorder NOS Mean Depression Types Print Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders How This Term Was Used in the Fourth Edition of the DSM By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 PEDRE / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide In the fourth edition of  the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which was written and issued by the American Psychiatric Association  (APA), NOS is an abbreviation for not otherwise specified. It serves as a sort of catch-all term to label symptoms that dont neatly fall into a well-defined diagnosis, but that clearly indicates that someone is dealing with an illness thats part of a  specific family of diagnoses.?? An example of this is Depressive Disorder NOS. A doctor using the DSM-IV to diagnose a patient may have chosen this label if it was clear that the persons symptoms showed they were dealing with a particular type of depression (rather  than, say, a panic disorder or an  anxiety disorder), but there wasnt enough information to home in a specific type of depression, such as dysthymia or bipolar disorder. Some other examples of not otherwise specified mental disorders include: Anxiety Disorder NOSBipolar Disorder NOSDissociative Disorder NOSEating Disorder NOSGender Identity Disorder NOS    Impulse-Control Disorder NOSMood Disorder NOSParasomnia NOS  Personality Disorder NOSPervasive Developmental Disorder NOSPsychotic Disorder NOSSexual Dysfunction NOSSomatoform Disorder NOS Why NOS Is No Longer in the DSM Today you wont find a NOS diagnosis for depressive disorder or any other mental disorder in the DSM (now on its fifth edition). This isnt because there are fewer people with the symptoms but because its considered an outdated diagnostic category. The DSM is what clinicians and psychiatrists use to assess and diagnose psychiatric disorders. It is also used for billing as many health insurance providers require a specific diagnosis for approval of payment for treatment.?? There have been several versions of the DSM manual since it was first published in 1952 (DSM-1), including the most recent DSM-5 (note that the use of Roman numerals was dropped from the title of the manual), which was published in May of 2013 and contains some significant changes from previous editions. Other Specified and Unspecified Changes included the elimination of the catch-all not otherwise specified (and NOS) subcategory. The authors have replaced it with other specified and unspecified to indicate clusters of symptoms that do not neatly fit into another existing category.?? Why two terms to replace one? The difference is based on whether the diagnosing doctor chooses to indicate why the diagnostic criteria were not met. An example of other specified might be a depressive episode that does not have the full number of symptoms to meet the formal diagnosis. By contrast, unspecified might be used in a situation in which there isnt enough information to make a more specific diagnosis. According to the APA, unspecified allows doctors to provide patients with the best possible care in, for example, emergency situations when there isnt time to get all the information necessary to make a solid diagnosis, but treatment is nevertheless needed. An unspecified label will allow a physician to be as specific as possible in their diagnosis without necessarily showing that a patient meets the full criteria for a given diagnosis. For example, in an emergency room setting, the medical professional on staff can use the diagnosis of unspecified depressive disorder for problems that do not meet the full criteria for any of the disorders in the depressive disorders diagnostic class or if there simply isnt enough information for a conclusive diagnosis. Why Some Disorders Arent Found in the DSM-5 Making Diagnoses More Universal Replacing NOS brings the DSM-5 more in line with the World Health Organizations International Classification of Diseases  (ICD).?? This diagnostic tool  is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. It is the diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes, according to the World Health Organization. The ICD requires mandatory codes for disorders that do not precisely fit current definitions for major disorders. So how will this change impact you? While reclassifying mental disorders and making them more universal wont change the symptoms associated with your specific condition, it will hopefully enable mental health professionals to formulate a more tailored treatment plan that addresses your individual symptoms, needs, and overall health. How Depression Is Diagnosed With the DSM-5

The Trail of Tears for many indian tribes - Free Essay Example

The Trail of Tears was a hard and tragic time for many indian tribes. They went through illnesses, snow storms, and much worse. There were 5 tribes that went on this 1,000 mile journey. There were around 4,000 deaths, caused from illnesses, malnutrition, and exposure(warpaths2peacepipes.com). The Cherokees called this the Nunna daul Isunyi which means, The Trail Where They Cried (warpaths2peacepipes.com). These indian tribes went through horrific times while being pushed into what was known as indian territory. The Indian Removal Act was signed in 1830. This act forced 5 tribes off their homelands. The Choctaw were removed in 1831, the Seminole were removed in 1832, the Creek were removed in 1834, the Chickasaw were removed in 1837, and the Cherokee were removed in 1838 (warpaths2peacepipes.com). These tribes went multiple different ways to get to the same place, which was known as indian territory. However, some routes were longer than the other based on where they originally were. The Trail of Tears was a long journey the Cherokee people had 600 wagons and carts, 5,000 horses, and just over 100 oxen (warpaths2peacepipes.com). They had little clothing, some had moccasins, and they only had light blankets. When they left it was late November so they had to face the winter weather. The wealthy members of the tribes travelled ahead of the large groups. They were lucky and had warm weather on their journey and they got to ride in covered wagons (warpaths2peacepipes.com). The majority lacked provisions and comfort. However, not everyone had to walk the whole Trail of Tears route. T he tribes were taken as close to the indian territory by steamboat. Large numbers of Choctaw and Creek Indians were taken as close as they could by barges and flatboats. Some were provided with wagons but couldnt fit everyone in them so many had to walk. Also, many horses died on the journey so that left more people to walk. The Trail of Tears was an awful and long journey for these indians. In the winter the Trail of Tears was too cold to hunt so they had very little to eat yet alone drink. Many starved to death because they didnt have the proper body weight to survive. Sometimes they couldnt even find fresh water to drink, that caused even more deaths (trailoftearsgroup.weebly.com). Hypothermia was also a big part of the death toll. They had multiple diseases and infections. Some of these diseases were caused by contaminated water and when one person had it spread to more members of the tribe. Some of these diseases were smallpox, malaria, measles, cholera, whooping cough, influenza, and pneumonia (warpaths2peacepipes.com). There was no cure for th ese diseases, no doctors, and no medicine on the Trail of Tears. The young, weak, sick, and elderly were the first to die. This caused grieving families, and there were multiple unmarked graves far away from their homeland. These graves were spread along the Trail of Tears. There were around 4000 deaths on the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was a long horrid journey for these Indian tribes. They had faced multiple diseases, cold weather, and a lack of resources. The Trail of Tears was full of difficult things for these tribes to overcome. There were scattered graves along this trail far away from their homelands. Sadly, these tribes lost many some almost all. The Trail of Tears was the worst and most atrocious thing that happened to these tribes.

Zachary Taylor Significant Facts and Brief Biography

Analysis Of 19 - Playtech Brings Its Games - 1542 Words

Article 19 – Playtech brings its games and software to Norwegian shores They are one of the leading names in the world of online casino game development and regularly feature on casino portals throughout the world. Playtech has forged a reputation for quality in the online casino world and they are now bringing such reputation to the shores of Norway. After much deliberation, Playtech have claimed the rights to provide content to Norway’s state-owned gaming operator. Many within the industry consider the move to be a coup on behalf of Playtech, as they have managed to fend off the competition to seal what is a major deal by any company’s standards. Through the government back operator Playtech will be bring their content to over 4000†¦show more content†¦Speaking more on the partnership, those involved have dubbed it an â€Å"optimised partnership†, as it one that will eventually work to serve both offline and online markets. Shimon Akad, Playtech COO, has spoke positively on the new agreement by stating that it stands as a â€Å"reinforcement of all of our hardwork and showcases an excellent and exciting relationship with Norsk Tipping†. Lene Finstad, Norsk Tipping EVP for Product and Brands, has praised the decision to bring Playtech into the fold. She said, â€Å"Playtech has consistently showed a deep understanding of what players want and need† and â€Å"by working with Playtech we are working with a com pany that knows how to create an attractive games strategy†. Analysts see the move as one that will strengthen both parties to no end, given how both already have deep underlying success found within their business structures. The growth of Playtech has been accelerated over the past few years through shrewd business moves that have seen it step above the competition. The omni-channel software provider currently has 120 licensees in place with 20 key online casino markets around the world. In the past Playtech has not been one to venture into state-owned client agreements, largely due to their potential creative restrictions. As the company has grown it has become evident that Playtech is now in a position to accommodate a state-owned entity within its client base. Industry insiders

Autism in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1257 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"Its not who you are underneath its what you do that defines you.† This quote from Rachel Dawes in Christopher Nolan’s Batman series defines Bruce Wayne for the rest of the series. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also something that is a defining factor of life for many children. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder, that causes social, behavioral, and communication challenges. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Autism in America" essay for you Create order This is caused by the lack of medical knowledge up until the recent decades. People who were on the low functioning end of the spectrum in the past they were treated horribly and locked away like lab animals. There are people who believe Autism Spectrum Disorder developed when children were given vaccines, and people also believe that Autism Spectrum disorder stems from the changes in food. However, people with Autism Spectrum Disorder have always existed in America, but they only started to become more prevalent in recent centuries. In America during the early nineteenth century people who had Autism Spectrum Disorder were looked down upon. They were treated horribly and segregated from the rest of humanity. John Donovan and Caren Zucker authors of â€Å"Autism in Early America† mention, â€Å"Howe was appalled by the horrifying conditions in which many idiots lived crammed into almshouses, kept in cages, left to wander unwashed and uncared for (Donovan et. Al).† This example was not uncommon for people on the Autism spectrum. Since the people that lived here were not well taken care of and left to their own devices this was a large reason as to why Autism went underdiagnosed during the nineteenth century. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe was the lead on changing the way the United States of America viewed Autistic people. He worked for better treatment of these people which helped to lead a cultural shift in society. Dr. Howe when developing his diagnosis of Autism looked for the root cause of intellectu al disability. In the later part of the nineteenth century he went to the state legislature to ask for fund for a school to prove people that were so called â€Å"idiots† could be educated. His work at the school was successful enough that the legislature gave him money to open a second school. After these schools opened several more opened after providing education to people who were Autistic or â€Å"idiots.† Sadly, Howe’s institutions fell victim to two problems. First, they were provided education, but it was not the quality of education that people who do not have disabilities were provided. Second during the twentieth century many of the schools fell into disarray and were shut down since no one kept up with them. Dr. Howe’s efforts finally paid off in 1991. A law was passed creating federal rights for students who have Autism Spectrum Disorder. In 1991 under president George H. W. Bush a law was passed making it so that students who had disabilities have the federal right to be in the same schools as everyone else. The reason this law was created and passed was for the purpose of bringing students with disabilities out of separate schools and into public schools. Jackie Jones in the article states, â€Å"DASP provides professional development and technical assistance to make the postsecondary experience more accessible to autistic students, †¦ (Jackie Jones).† DASP is a program that was able to be created because of the law passed by George H. W. Bush. This program at the time of the article’s publishing was three years old. It has helped students at university ease into college life; and this has made socialization a bit easier for them. The work in this program also provides technologies that are adapted to the needs of the university’s Autistic students. DASP also provides a sense of community for the special needs students who may feel like they are the only ones that have Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research on this matter has continued since the start of this program as we look towards the future on how to treat Autism Spectrum Disorder. Around this time in the 90s Autism Spectrum Disorder started to rise in numbers. People started to have more vaccinations and food started to change. As people who started research and said that autism only started to develop out of these changes in food and the increase of vaccinations. Research has been done over the last 150 years and we have learned a lot but still have much more to do. The medical community knows only a little more than we did during the nineteenth century. Research that has been done since then has now given us signs of what to look for in children. The article argues, â€Å"With growing numbers of families across the country affected by autism spectrum disorder over all one in 88 children will be diagnosed with A.S.D., and one in 54 boys †¦ (â€Å"Study Suggests More Services Needed for Young Adults.†)† Now that the medical community has guidelines of how to diagnose Autism. It may have led to another problem being an over diagnosis of the developmental disorder. Overdiagnosis is a problem because the guidelines become blurry again making it harder to diagnose. A problem that stems off overdiagnosis is that people who really need the help will not get covered by insurance and the Special Education portions of schools do not get proper funding. People’s attitude towards Autism have become more positive. Although there are still some people who are not quite as accepting of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Churches and parishes have started to provide programs, but most are not willing to put the extra step forward to help these families. As we go further ahead in time, we hope to gain better treatment for people and families that have been affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism has defined the lives of many people over the years. The lives of people that were Autistic in the nineteenth century were horrid. They were isolated into almshouses and left in horrendous conditions and they were labeled as â€Å"idiots†. This led to Autism being under diagnosed for several years. In 1991 president George H. W. Bush passed a law that created federal rights for all students that have disabilities to be in the same schools as students without disabilities. As people with Autism and the medical community look to the future, they look to gain more knowledge about the developmental disorder and for people to become even more accepting of the disorder. There has also become an overdiagnosis which has led to problems for people that need help and can not get it because of insurance companies not wanting to cover those needs. In conclusion people that have Autism Spectrum Disorder since the nineteenth century have been treated differently over the years from a nimals in the past to now being given equal treatment and education as other students who are not disabled. Works Cited Donovan, John and Caren Zucker. â€Å"Autism in Early America.† Smithsonian, vol. 46, no. 9, Jan. 2016, pp. 114–121. EBSCOhost, lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,cpidcustid=s1088435db=a9hAN=112184286site=ehost-live. Jones Jackie. â€Å"Autism in Academia.† Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 58, 17 Mar. 2012, pp. 38–42. EBSCOhost, lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,cpidcustid=s1088435db=a9hAN=73825805site=ehost-live. â€Å"Study Suggests More Services Needed for Young Adults.† America, vol. 206, no. 19, June 2012, pp. 6–7. EBSCOhost, lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,cpidcustid=s1088435db=a9hAN=76247145site=ehost-live.

If Successful, Then Why Does My Frustration Grow

If Successful, Then Why Does My Frustration Grow? Stacy Lynn is the Coordinator of Student Activities at Mid-State Community College (MSCC). Stacy has just completed three new student orientation (NSO) sessions. The initial feedback from 525 new students and their families has been overwhelmingly positive. Stacy considers the NSO sessions to be a success, however on a personal level Stacy is feeling anything but success. This is due to the set of circumstances that led to the recent completion of the NSO sessions. Stacy was reassigned the NSO project when her colleague Kim Hickman, Director of Enrollment Management, informed Stacy that she was resigning and, as a result, the NSO was now Stacy’s responsibility. This news caught Stacy off†¦show more content†¦The effort-performance relationship deals with belief of the employee that increased effort will result in improved performance. The performance-reward relationship focuses on the degree to which the employee believes their improved performance will lead to a desi red outcome. The rewards-personal goals relationship is the degree to which the rewards of improved performance will meet the personal desires of the employee. Throughout the case, Stacy makes it clear that she feels undervalued by Royce. The case discusses how Stacy’s department has had to deal with a number of cutbacks that have resulted in a decrease in performance and higher turnover. This has undoubtedly had a negative effect on the image of the Student Activities department, which has clearly bothered Stacy. Furthermore, Royce has acknowledged that Stacy has â€Å"managed it all,† however he has not recognized this as an accomplishment on Stacy’s part. That feeling of being undervalued has resulted in a lack of motivation on Stacy’s end. The expectancy theory explains how an employee might ask themselves â€Å"if I give maximum effort, will it be recognized in my performance appraisal?† If Stacy were to ask herself that question, her answer w ould be a resounding â€Å"no.† She acknowledged this by admitting to having thoughtsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dreams Deferred in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun915 Words   |  4 Pagesmany alternatives to answering the question. That it might â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun,† or â€Å"fester like a sore.† Yet the play maybe more closely related to Hughes final question of the poem, â€Å"Or does it explode?† The play is full of bombs that are explosions of emotion set off by the frustration of the Younger family, who are unable to grasp the possible reality of their dreams. 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Through the great expectations of fictional character Harry Potter, I have learned how to accept and come to terms with my own great expectations that my family and other people have made for me. Even before Harry Potter could walk, other wizards had high expectations of him because he was known as the Boy Who Lived. However, Harry never chose that fate. Instead he was born into it. HarryRead MoreDeceit in Shakespeares Hamlet1062 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Laertes and Claudius scheme to kill Hamlet. The first way that deceit leads to the eventual downfall of Hamlet is Polonius spying. In Act III, scent iii, Polonius decides to help the king by spying on Hamlet and his mother when he says, My lord, [the king] hes going to his mothers closet/Behind the arras Ill convey myself to hear the process (III. iii. 28-29). In Act III, scene iv, Polonius gets his chance and listens to a conversation between Hamlet and his mother, hoping thatRead MoreNo Two People Hold The Same Personality. What Even Is A950 Words   |  4 Pageslot of growing to do, I like to think I got myself all figured out. I am a perfectly imperfect human being. Let me tell you more about myself. For starters, I am a very dedicated person. School excites me and nothing makes me happier than being successful. I may be a slight perfectionist. I work hard in everything I do and I never give up. I tend to hold a lot of positive characteristics and traits, well mostly because I try to not let the negatives ones bring me down. I strive to be the best I canRead MoreStrategies And Strategies For Emotional Development At A Primary School Age1554 Words   |  7 PagesWhat am I doing? For my proposal I have chosen my focus to be based around mindfulness strategies and how they can assist in emotional development at a primary school age. In society we are seeing more and more children suffering from mental illness such as anxiety and depression. I believe that by introducing and practicing mindfulness strategies in the classroom environment, students will be able to stabilise and control their emotions which will in turn lead to a sense of ownership for their

Lemonade Stand †Season Three Free Essays

This report provides factual quantative information on Lemonade Stand, sourced from financial statements, the business’ General Journal and financial data collected during Seasons One, Two and Three. The following economic summary report will consider how well Lemonade Stand’s business is performing by, among other things, deducting the stand’s capital costs from its profits. Through analysis of the previously stated quantiative information, the company will be able to measure how well the stand is using capital to build economic value, with perhaps deploying company resources in ways that will further enhance its economic value. We will write a custom essay sample on Lemonade Stand — Season Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now In short, the economic summary report’s fundamental objective is to maximize the stand’s return for its owners, as well as to focus on very precise value-related targets, be they cost reductions, new investments, or other resource allocation. Over the three season period of review, Lemonade Stand has shown a steady revenue growth. Although this growth is positive, there are aspects of the business that, if managed more efficiently, could have brought the stand a significant increase in overall profits. First, the price per cup could have been increased throughout Season Two – instead of maintaining a steady price of $0. 60 during the whole season. This simple increase in price would increase revenues and profits for the season. Second, there was a lack of wise management towards the purchase of supplies during Season Two. It was difficult to forecast the turnout for each day and excess supplies were purchased in preparation for a predicted rush of customers. This mismanagement lead to a waste of supplies, – especially ice – a low inventory turnover, increased expenses – due to management mistakes instead of business operations — and excess inventory at the ending of the season. However, despite the downfall in Season Two, inventory turnover did improve during Season Three as well as the stand’s current ratio. The Lemonade Stand’s current ratio increased significantly from having $5. 80 in current assets for ever $1. 00 in current liabilities in Season One, to having $14. 50 in current assets for every $1. 0 in current liabilities at the conclusion of Season Three. The higher current ratio indicates the liquidty of the business, meaning that there is a greater margin of safety to cover short-term debts. As a result of a higher current ratio, the stand will be able to obtain necessities from short-term creditors such as suppliers, easier than before. The ability to obtain supplies and other necessi ties from short-term creditors will allow the stand to expand – if desired – and perhaps secure a more profitable Season Four. In addition, the decrease in the debt-equity ratio is another positive sign that shows us that the stand can be successful in the future if managed properly. The owners of Lemonade Stand place a value of $100. 00 toward being their own boss and thus have the freedom and flexibility that they would otherwise not experience while working for another person or company. This form of revenue can be found in the stand’s implicit revenue on the stand’s balance sheet and is added to the value of learning how to run the business — $50. 0 for Season One – as well as gaining more information and/or education on increasing profits and learning how to better manage the stand. During the third season, the stand was more concerned with maximizing returns on resources and therefore lead to a greater economic profit for that season. When the information contained in the business’ financial statements is used to create strategic objectives, such as maximizing returns on resources, the stand will be able to focus on those activities that will produce the desired result and also guide the owners in the management of the business. By focusing on activities that create the most value and, conversley, avoiding devoting inordinate amounts of resources to activities that produce little value the stand will be able to maintain its financial health and generate higher profits in the seasons to come. Lemonade Stand is in a strong position to expand and through expansion, will be able to set larger strategic objectives and potentially increase the health and value of the business. How to cite Lemonade Stand — Season Three, Papers

The Elite Report Essay Example For Students

The Elite Report Essay Music Industry ArtsA Two Year Diploma Program Program Code MIA1Campus Code LC LC London September AdmissionProgram DescriptionThe Music Industry Arts program educates students in all relevant aspects of the contemporary audio industry. The program promotes the professional attitude required to function in the musical, technical and commercial areas of Audio Production Engineering and Business. The program approach is intensively hands-on, with professional media and recording facilities exclusively dedicated to student use. Course curricula include functions of consoles and recorders, digital recording, video interlock, MIDI recording and sequencing, analog/digital techniques, contracts, sales and promotion music publishing, copyright, arranging, music theory, ear training, microphone techniques, studio operation and management. Computer literacy and MIDI techniques relevant to the disciplines of music and post-production recording are offered through theory and practical applicatio ns. Career OpportunitiesThis program offers a unique opportunity for learning the skills required for the music recording industry, the post-production field, and general audio industries. The graduate may find career opportunities with sound recording studios, post-production facilities, recording companies, merchandising, touring commercial artists, cruise ships, publishing, management, promotion, sales, MIDI/sound design or studio recording for broadcasting and television. Program Eligibility CriteriaRequired Academic Preparation OSSD with courses at the General Level with: Grade 12 English Or BTSD-Level 4 Certificate Or Ontario High School Equivalency Certificate (GED) Or Mature Applicant with standing in the required course stated aboveRecommended Academic Preparation Courses in Communications Technology, Keyboarding, Computer Studies, Marketing, Development of Entrepreneurs, Analog and Digital Electronics, Computer Technology Interfacing.Recommended Personal Preparation It is an advantage to the student to have a broad background in music theory, knowledge and appreciation of all types of music, an interest in the recording industry and its role in todays entertainment field, experience with computer and/or synthesizer/MIDI applications.Applicant Selection CriteriaWhere the number of eligible applicants exceeds the available spaces in the program, the Applicant Selection Criteria will be: A. Preference for Permanent Residents of Ontario. B. Receipt of Application by February 1st. C. Achievement in the Required Academic Preparation. D. Achievement in the Recommended Academic Preparation. E. Assessment of personal suitability based on: . Supplementary Form Approximate Costs (2000/2001)Fees for: Levels 1 ; 2 Levels 3 ; 4 $2143.90 $2143.90 Books and Supplies: $2613.00* $2087.00* *this fee includes access to facilities and equipment in the program Recording Industry -Digital ApplicationsA One Year Post-Graduate Certificate Program Program Code MRM2Campus C ode LC LC London September AdmissionProgram DescriptionThe Digital Applications program is a post-graduate program which provides intensive practical instruction and application opportunities for acquiring proficiency in the MIDI/digital multi-media field through hands-on equipment application and process-oriented instruction. Career OpportunitiesCareer opportunities with sound recording studios, record companies, independent production houses and other sound related industries, music publishing conglomerates and anywhere that sound production and/or mixing is required. Program Eligibility CriteriaRequired Academic Preparation Music Industry Arts Diploma Or An equivalent qualification from another institution as judged by the College Or Professional background and experience assessed by the College to be equivalent to the aboveApplicant Selection CriteriaWhere the number of eligible applicants exceeds the available spaces in the program, the Applicant Selection Criteria will be: A. Preference for Permanent Residents of Ontario. B. Receipt of Application by February 1st. C. Achievement in the Required Academic Preparation. Students applying for the Recording Industry Digital Applications program with a two year Music Industry Arts Diploma should have obtained a B average in all MIDI and RCRD or PROD courses in the second year of the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College, or a B average in all MIDI courses from another institution. Applicants with less than a B average will be considered only on the recommendation of the Program Chair. D. Preference will be given to graduates of the Fanshawe College Music Industry Arts program, with most recent graduates having priority.Note: Applications received by February 1st will be guaranteed consideration. Applications received after February 1st will be considered only if places remain available in the program. Approximate Costs (2000/2001)Fees for: Levels 1 ; 2 $2143.90 Books and Supplies: $2082.00 .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c , .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .postImageUrl , .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c , .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:hover , .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:visited , .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:active { border:0!important; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:active , .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee6a51ddcc807c9be0eca1e3d4d4742c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Beauty Essay About Sexuality

Australian Great Recession Survival

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Great Recession Survival. Answer: Introduction In the year 2008, the major Europe experiences the Global Financial Crisis recession by the name the Great Recession. Most countries with large economies were affected. The recession hit the members of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) like USA and France. Economies in Europe shrank and currencies weakened. The preferred economic interventions failed to work in most economies instead the worse happened. Funnily enough, Australia was never affected by the recession (Bailey and Turok 2016). It remained the single country with advanced International Monetary Fund not affected by the crisis (Bosworth and Rich 2013). Instead, its economy remained stable and vigorous to accommodate its domestic and international demands. The paper aims at evaluating the magic behind the performance of Australian economy during the global crisis. It discusses the country's intervention policy through the Reserve Bank and the fiscal policy intervention by Federal government that ma neuvered ways for its stability. It is also objectively looking at the role played by China as a trading partner. China played a role in foreign trade category to ensure the success of the economy. The paper then draws a conclusion from the results of the discussion to justify the two questions: Did the success of the economy purely dependable on fiscal policy by Federal government, foreign trade and the role of Reserve Bank? Why the three factors did adequately sustain the economy? The objective of the study The study aims to draw conclusions on the roles played by Federal Government, Reserve Bank, and Foreign trade to maintain Australian economic growth at the crisis point. The Business Cycle In macroeconomics, the business cycle considered as fluctuations in the production or any other business. It involves expansionary, and contractionary behaviors of an economy. The best determination of a business cycle is GDP. The components of the cycle are; trough, expansion, peak, and contraction. The Definition of a Recession The definition of a recession is a conceptual reasoning pegged on the level and extent of a crisis. The different intensity levels are used portraying the different scope of impact on an economy (Courvisanos et al. 2016). However, a recession is an economic slowdown contributed to reduce spending. It hampers economic growth by introducing inflation, unemployment, and reduced Gross Domestic Product. The recession creates financial hurdles in an economy by negatively affecting all economic sectors. During a recess, countries take intervention measures to curb the impacts. Among the responses preferred are fiscal policies to increase the spending by reducing tax rate or through monetary policies. Although, there is no guarantee on the effectiveness of measures against the crisis. The Role Played by the Federal Government to Control GFC The government of Australia did a timely intervention to monitor the crisis that had the most terrorizing effects on G7 economies. Before the GFC the country economy was operating at annual GDP of around $1 trillion at the market exchange rate. The GDP level demonstrated the economy as the 14th largest economy in the world. The first intervention policy done by the country focused on the crisis was advocated by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) (Bosworth and Rich 2013. The bold step was taken in around October when the country through RBA announced the cutting of interest rates by 100 basis points. In the same month, the government decided to react proactively by guaranteeing all the bank deposits a wholesale fund at a fee (Doran and Fingleton 2016). The geared step aimed towards the achievement of a stable financial institution. The government intended to empower the banks through which they could sustain stability hence help secure the country's flow of income (Martin 2012). The intervention placed the banks in a competitive mode, an action that threatened the survival of small-scale banks. The stability in financial sectors eased consumers and business worries on the finances and economic issues. The Federal took the initiative of a private sector risk to reduce the tempo of the economy. The second policy taken by the government was the fiscal policy measure. The system directed the package to the weak sectors of the economy (Foster 2016). The areas covered were the household spending and consumption. The coverage represented a population of around 60%. Thus more people were kept safe by the program (Henry 2014). The housing policy advocated for the grant to first home buyers. The spending level of citizens increased and the GDP rose (Bosworth and Rich 2013. The consumption package had quick bonuses to seniors, and the pensioners. It also valued the low-income earners (Pulla 2013). The high propensity level of the households improved hitting the common target. Apart from risen expenditure, the society had cash to carry out activities. The policy attained the average GDP of average consumers in the economy. At June 2009, the country enjoyed a continuous growth with the fiscal, China trade factor and RBA combined. According to various scholars, the economic growth would not have been hit high without fiscal policy intervention. The economic status had a loose monetary policy, low exchange rate, and china's trade contribution. In 2009 when the effect of GFC increased on the economies, the government released another discretionary policy. The government meant to develop a program on infrastructure and also improve consumption (Drew 2016). The program covered the projects on the fast constructed infrastructural base to prepare the country for a long term crisis. The retail trade by 2009 brought a turnover of around 5% something that devastated the US and other significant economies. Their retail trade brought a turnover of around 2% and 3%. The outcome variance came due to the stimulus preference by the countries. Australia preferred a stimulus package for consumption and spending that stabilizes spending and consumption in the market. The low-income household got financial supports to meet their purchasing nature (Capon and Reid 2016). Also, the country had better financial regulations fertile for the fiscal policy effected by the government. The good status of its financial system accommodated the measures advocated for on economic activities. The country's cash rates were higher compared to other trading partners, a factor that enabled the stronger economy (Roos 2014). The existed healthier systems blocked the need to outsource for the financial instruments which could have contributed negatively. In the absence of fiscal policy, the country would have undergone the worst recess in the history. The countries like the USA that effected monetary policy minus economic policy has been struggling with the crisis impact to date. The Contribution of Foreign Trade to the Australian Resilience The GFC collapsed economies of the Australia trading partners. Germany, USA, and France got affected. The country before the GFC had good trade ties with Asia. The large Asia depended on the country's exports such as gold and coal. The USA was also a major importer of Australian exports (Battisti et al. 2013). However, recession left the country with no choice but to trade Asia. The government of China in response to the crisis ordered its banks to borrow and spend. The reaction led to the growth of China economy by around 75% in the year 2009. China's economy grew with expansion in its import demand. Australia began to export its commodities to China and Japan. China being the major importer, increased the Australian export capacity by 10% within five months. The prices attained stability. The export to Asia became more instrumental to the economic growth of the country. The Chinese government created a fertile grounds for Australian trading activities to flourish. The existed high demand on the china's economy on valuable commodities provided the growth gap to the Australian economy. The Contributions of the Australia Reserve Bank The country had the attentive financial system ready to accommodate and implement changes. The first phase of rectifying the suggesting crisis situations came from the policy of an RBA. The RBA through its first Board meeting GFC proposed the implementation of the cut on the interest rates by 100 basis points. The cut is a 6% reduction. The RBA followed with the different monetary policy that ensured a fall in the cash rate to 3%. The rate indicated a decline of 425 points. The reduced interest rates encouraged borrowing among the population (Reed 2016). The effect translated to increased disposable income. Low-income earners got the opportunity to maintain their spending ability consequently improving economy's expenditure on commodities. Reduction of the interest rate created a movement in the AUD dollar. The reduced dollar helped to lessen the impact of lowered global market price on the country's exports. It improved the level of competition of the country's produce and service exports (Buckley et al. 2014). The reduced exchange rate lasted for a short period, though the exchange rate hit 88 US dollars by 2009. The increase demonstrated an appreciation trend. The policy guidelines portrayed by RBA helped the healthy financial sector resist to collapse. Banks and other financial institutions survived the volatility of the financial situations in the global market. Regardless of the challenges, they still made profits (Tang 2015). The Australian market had no toxic assets that killed the world market in most of the Europe countries. The RBA kept reducing the cash rate in early 2009 to cope with the deteriorating economic conditions. The measure aimed at recovering stabilizing financial systems to help improve the functions of the credit market. The country monetary system performed a massive role by ensuring availability of funds in the banks. Australia had enough cash in its financial institutions, with mortgages for emergencies ((Bailey and Turok 2016). Therefore, the policy by the RBA had a motivating reception for implementation. The banks had low arrears and defaulted a factor that hindered exposure to toxic assets in the global financial market. Regardless of the risks associated with accepting wholesale funding, their confidence enhanced the initiative (Tonts et al. 2014). Through evaluation of alternatives, the RBA noticed the importance of using domestic financial institutions instead of looking for borrowings from the foreign institution. Conclusion Australia survived the great recess getting out developed due to national and international factors. The major contributor to its success relies upon timely and objectively implemented fiscal policy. The stabilization of financial market came with trade advantages in the exchange market. The monetary policy by RBA bettered the sustainability of the stable economy. The discussion on the fortune and other magic factors never contributed to the economic growth of Australia. The country cultivated from its ready policy and proactive strategies. It stole the chances created by the fast-growing economy provide supply to its large demand market. However, the main reason behind the country's success pegged on the fiscal policy that improved spending ability of low-income earners. From the study, it is appropriate for economies to have robust financial institutions that are sound and dynamic. Countries should be ready to challenge emergencies through the use of their strategies without depending on a similar problem-approach style. References Bailey, D. and Turok, I., 2016. Editorial: resilience revisited. Regional Studies, 50(4), pp.557-560. Battisti, M., Deakins, D. and Perry, M., 2013. The sustainability of small businesses in recessionary times: Evidence from the strategies of urban and rural small businesses in New Zealand. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 19(1), pp.72-96. Bosworth, E. and Rich, T., 2013. From optimisation to resilience: The changing nature of the risk reward conversation as seen through Westpac's capital and liquidity management policies. Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, 6(2), pp.160-166. Buckley, R.P., Weber, R.H. and Dowell-Jones, M., 2014. A Swiss finish for Australia? Approaches to enhancing the resilience of systemically important banks. Capital Markets Law Journal, p.kmu030. Capon, S.J. and Reid, M.A., 2016. Vegetation resilience to mega?drought along a typical floodplain gradient of the southern Murray?Darling Basin, Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27(5), pp.926-937. Courvisanos, J., Jain, A. and K. Mardaneh, K., 2016. Economic resilience of regions under crises: a study of the Australian economy. Regional Studies, 50(4), pp.629-643. Doran, J. and Fingleton, B., 2016. Employment resilience in Europe and the 2008 economic crisis: insights from micro-level data. Regional Studies, 50(4), pp.644-656. Drew, J., 2016. A Tale of Two Jurisdictions: A Focus on the Effect of Regulatory Constraints on Municipal Resilience in Australia. Building governmental financial resilience under austerityan international perspective. Foster, J., 2016. The Australian growth miracle: an evolutionary macroeconomic explanation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40(3), pp.871-894. Graziano, A., Cirillo, N., Pallotti, S., Cricenti, L., Romano, F. and Aimetti, M., 2014. Unexpected resilience to experimental gingivitis of subepithelial connective tissue grafts in gingival recession defects: a clinicalmolecular evaluation. Journal of periodontal research, 49(4), pp.527-535. Henry, K., 2014. Public policy resilience and the reform narrative. Public Policy, p.16. Martin, R., 2012. Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of economic geography, 12(1), pp.1-32. Pulla, V., 2013. Contours of Coping and Resilience: the front story. Perspectives on Coping and Resilience, pp.1-21. Reed, D., 2016. Resilience is the name of the game. Architecture Australia, 105(3), p.86. Roos, P.B., 2014, January. Design with nature: a proposed model for coastal settlements in Australia adapting to climate change and extreme weather events. In UHPH 2014: Landscapes and ecologies of urban and planning history: Proceedings of the 12th Australasian Urban History Planning History Conference (pp. 649-664). Australasian Urban History/Planning History Group and Victoria University of Wellington. Tang, S.H.K., 2015. Does Research and Development Intensity Enhance Industrial Growth Performance during Economic Downturns? Inter?Industry Evidence from Australia. Australian Economic Review, 48(3), pp.243-257. Tonts, M., Plummer, P. and Argent, N., 2014. Path dependence, resilience and the evolution of new rural economies: Perspectives from rural Western Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, 36, pp.362-375.

Invasion Of Privacy Computer Virus Internet Essays - Hacker

Invasion Of Privacy Computer Virus Internet The information age is the age we live in today, and with the information age comes an age of ethics. When we deal with the new technologies introduced every day, we need to decide what we must consider ethical and unethical. We must consider all factors so that the use of the information readily available to many persons is not abused. Information technology will be the most fundamental area of ethical concern for business in the next decade. (Ermann) The most widely used tool of the information age is the computer, whether it is a PC or a network of computer systems. As we enter the information age, the newness and power of information technology's tests the ethics of the average person, not just the criminal and cause thousands of computer crimes to be committed daily. Problems associated with the information age Invasion of privacy Computer virus Internet scamming Junk E-mails Minors viewing pornography Fraud Accounts Illegal Downloading Hacking Cyber chat The most common computer crime committed daily, some aware and many not, is the illegal sharing of computer software. Software is any of the programs used in operating a digital computer, as input and output programs, as defined by Funk and Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary. When we purchase computer software, we purchase it with the understanding that it will be for use on a single computer, once installed on that system, it is not to be loaded on any other computer. However many people are not aware of this understanding, and many load a program on a couple of computers or on a whole network of computer systems not aware that they are committing a crime. Even though you probably will not be prosecuted for loading a program on a friends computer, this is where your ethics come in. Do you consider anything when you share a program with others? If not then consider the programmers of the software who are denied compensation for their developments every time you distribute a piece of software. Why is it that people who wouldn't think of stealing pack of gum will copy a $500 piece of software. (Parker) A popular form off illegal software distribution is throughout the online world. Whether it be the Internet, America Online, CompuServe, Prodigy, or a BBS (Bulletin Board System), software pirates thrive freely online. These so called pirates operate by uploading pieces of software, commonly referred to as warez, into an online service's database then sending through e-mail the rights to download them. The Information Superhighway has opened the door to a new kind of highway robbery - the home shoplifting network . When you access a online service, you are identified through an account which most commonly consists of a user ID and password. The password is so you only can access the online service with your user ID. Many people online use their own accounts to access their service, but many steal and use the accounts of others or make fake accounts. When online, these account pirates many times trick other users into giving their passwords to them by impersonating an employee of the online service. Others can hack into the online services mainframe computer and steal thousands of accounts. (Biemiller) Probably the most common method of getting online without paying is the use of fake or fraudulent accounts. These are made by giving false information when attempting to gain access to an online service. Name, address, phone number, and billing information, such as checking account or credit card number, are all falsified in obtaining an online account. With these stolen and fake accounts, software pirates have virtually unlimited time to download their warez without any charge to them. Many people don't consider the people behind the creation of software when they illegally distribute it. (Rochlin) The developers of software are not properly compensated for their work because of the extent of software piracy. No one can argue with a software company's desire, and right, to make sure everyone using their products has paid for it. The numbers add up, it is estimated that in 1994 alone that software companies lost $15 billion from illegal software copying. It is not only illegal, but clearly unethical to distribute software knowing that the people behind the software are experiencing the downfalls of it. Every time software companies cannot compensate their programmers for their work, more people are out of a job. Consider this, you enter a store and purchase an item, during this transaction you give your

Boyz N The Hood essays

Boyz N The Hood essays MOVING BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES: HOW THE USE OF MUSIC DEVELOPS JOHN SINGLETON'S BOYZ N THE HOOD John Singleton's movie Boyz N The Hood is the story of three young men who are forced to deal with the reality of life in South Central, Los Angeles. Singleton uses this setting to illustrate the obstacles facing these young black men who unavoidably encounter violence all around them. Singleton refrains from portraying his characters as inner-city misfits but instead he characterizes them as average American teenagers who are caught in a situation in which they have no control. Doughboy is an average American teenager but his behavior is not that of an average teenager. It is a result of the influence from the society he has experienced. The music used throughout the movie allows the film to move beyond the boundaries of just telling a story. Through the use of music in the film Singleton is able to accentuate significant situations and display the contrast between characters. The use of mus ic in Boyz N The Hood allows Singleton to thematically advance the film. Singleton magnifies significant situations through the use of music. With each song, the choice of instruments and lyrics creates an emotional response by the viewer which gives the scene a new dimension. The main instrument in the movie is the wailing saxophone. When the saxophone is played it allows for the intensity of the scene to build to its climax. The saxophone is utilized in the scenes in which a person breaks into Furious's house and when Ricky is shot. The saxophone is always present when violence is going to take place. The other type of instrumental music that is used is a soft, slow sound which creates a feeling of relaxation and tenderness. This type of music is used when Tre is receiving a lesson from one of his parents. The soft music played during these moments illustrates his parent's loving nature and the concern they both have about his future. By utilizing this sy...

Is Intraprenuership Necessary in Asia and How Does It Contribute To Research Proposal

Is Intraprenuership Necessary in Asia and How Does It Contribute To Organizations - Research Proposal Example The study employed a sample representation of industries as well as companies through which the generalization of the findings was to be made. High innovation among the trading firms was notable within this era of globalization. Through an empirical study mode, the research found out four basic determinants of the capacity for companies to engage in intrapreneural activities: Technically skilled employees, the organization’s layout, secrecy availability as well as the market knowledge by the organization (Balasundaram and Uddin, 2009, p.35). Another research study was carried out through the evaluation and analyses of the available literature on the concepts as well as the principles that are prevalent within organizations and which in one way or the other influence the spirit of entrepreneurship. Work place values, employee personal character as well as social cultural factors are key in determining the direction taken as regards the intrapreneurialship of an organization. Am ong other findings of the study was that intrapreneurial spirit and success depends in much more than just mere creativity of an employee. One needs to be ready to take risk and be tolerant even as one awaits the senior management’s decision concerning an innovation. Moreover, it was the finding of this study that firms that nurture and uphold the spirit of intrapreneurship have better performance compared to their counterparts. The study recommended all firms to uphold the spirit of intrapreneurship in order to have a competing edge within the business field (AZAMI, 2013, p. 198). The findings ascertained the recommendations by another report that indeed, intrapreneurs are agents of change within organizations; managing as well as motivating them is thus critical to every organization (Wong, 2008, p.1). Maier and Zenovia undertook a study through the literature to compare and contrast entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship within the current world. Among the different find ings that sought, the two comprises vast similarities as well as differences. Their study revealed that the two are major basic tools that companies and other firms can exploit for use within the economic dynamics that we are facing today and through which, solutions to trade problems can be found. Min particular, this study found out that every company should uphold the spirit of innovation as it is only through this that future success of them are laid. They reasoned that yesterday’s innovation can never guarantee tomorrows competence hence the need to encourage the intrapreneural spirit (2011,p. 975). Through an exploratory investigation, Bosma and friends sought to analyze the global perspective of intrapreneurship. Moreover, the study sought to understand the distribution of intrapreneurs within the frame work of age and found that more innovation rests with the younger employees as compared to the elderly employees. Furthermore, the likely hood of employees to engage in intrapreneural innovations is double within the high income countries as compared to the low income countries (Bosma, Stam and Wennekers, 2010, p. 3). Globalization is seen to be a threat to some extent as innovations are simply taking over the older ones thus necessitating

Bar Coding in Administering Medication Case Study

Bar Coding in Administering Medication - Case Study Example Such a situation arises when all the intended information about the patient and the medication is not communicated to the doctors, nurses and other support staff with all clarity. Bar coding provides a reliable solution to such errors. With the help of bar code; Speed of identifying the patient, illness, prescription, past history, complications encountered etc. increases manifold. Instead of going through the lengthy papers, a bar code helps in comprehensively identifying the patient, thus helping in saving the precious time and the life of the patient. Label design, barcode and printing software: The label can be designed with information regarding the medication being given to the patient, his medical history, his identification, lab specimen collection, verification of blood products prior to transfusion, electronic charge capture of supplies at the point of use, automated medicine dispensing system, information about doctors' and other support staff etc. Pharmacy Management Software & Pharmacy Management Technology Providers: Such comprehensive systems are provided by QS/1, PanaceaRX, AmerisourceBergen Technology Group, Retail Management Solutions, Speed Script, SRS Systems, RXLink, RS Software, AdvanceNet Health Solutions, Etreby Computer Company, Inc., Per-Se Technologies (formerly NDCHealth), PharmTrak, OPUS-ISM, McKesson Pharmacy Systems, HBS Pharmacy Services, Soft Writers, Inc., THOT Corporation, CarePoint, Inc., HCC Pharmacy Solutions, JASCORP etc. Hardware Requirements: To handle the bar coding effectively in health care sector, all the above mentioned software require adequate hardware support. For the implementation of eMAR services we need; A dependable computer/s with good amount of hard disk space, DD RAM and a latest processor fitted with the bar code reading software and other peripherals. An LCD monitor works well with such systems as it occupies lesser space and the screen in more readable. Bar Code Scanner/ imager ID Bar code printer. This printer has to be a

Transplant Rejection: Causes, Types and Prevention

Transplant Rejection: Causes, Types and Prevention Through this project I have researched transplants of organs, cells and tissues, Transplant rejection, the Human Immune System and the role of antibodies. Transplatation is the process where healthy cells, tissue or organs are moved from one site to another. There are different types of transplants and many problems that can occur with transplantation. The largest threat to a successful organ transplant is the Human Immune System, because it rejects the transplant. The role of the human immunity system is to protect the body from harmful, infecting agents. It destroys the transplant recognizing it as foreign and a potential treat to the body. This is known as Transplant Rejection. There are many different types of Transplant Rejection, each with there own diagnosis methods and symptoms. There are different ways of prevention and treatment, including tissue typing to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and using Immunosuppressant drugs that suppress the immune system of the recipient. There are two kinds of immunity in a human. The bodys first line of defence is the Innate Immunity and the specific response to the invaders is the Adaptive Immunity. Many white blood cells form the main components of the immune system and they identify and destroy invading agents. There are also different types of immune responses including the Humoral immune response. Antibodies, Y-shaped proteins, form part of the Humoral response. The structure of all antibodies are very similar, except for a small unique region at the ends of the two arms of the Y used for recognising agents. Antibodies can destroy the foreign material or help destroy them by tagging it for attack by other parts of the immune system. Antibodies are very important in transplant rejection, because they form part of the mechanism that rejects the organ or tissue and are one of the most important cells of the Human Immunity System. They help lead to Transplant Rejection and the destruction of the transplanted organ or tissue. INDEX (Jump to): Introduction Hypothesis Transplants Types of Transplants Problems With Transplantation Transplant Rejection Types of Transplant Rejection Diagnosis and Symptoms Prevention and Treatment Potential Further Studies The Human Immune System and Antibodies Types of Immune Responses Conclusion Bibliography Referencing INTRODUCTION: The role of the Human Immunity System is to protect the body from harmful, infecting agents. This protection is very important to keep our bodies healthy and functioning at the best it can, but this protection is also the largest problem in organ and tissue transplants. Transplantation has replaced many people damaged organs with healthy organs and is used to cure many tissue and cell diseases. The Human Immunity System is the largest threat to successful organ and tissue transplants, but why does the Human Immunity reject the transplanted organ or tissue? And is it possible that transplant rejection can be prevented? The body is constantly under attack from harmful substances that can cause damage and destruction to the human body, but we are protected. The human immunity system is bodys natural defence mechanism. What causes an immune response? And how does the immune system respond to foreign materials? Antibodies are an important part in the human immunity system. They can recognize, neutralize and destroy harmful materials, but what exact role does an antibody play in human immunity? Where and why are antibodies produced? Through this project I will explore transplants, transplant rejection, human immunity and the role of antibodies and finally prove or contradict my hypothesis. HYPOTHESIS: Antibodies do not play a role in the rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue. Transplants Transplatation is the action of healthy cells, tissue or organs that are transplanted (grafted) from one site to another. A transplanted organ can replace a recipients damaged, malfunctioning or absent organ and grafting of cells and tissue can also cure many diseases. A kidney (most common), heart, lungs, pancreas, liver, skin, cornea, blood, blood vessels, bone marrow, stem cells, cord blood, intestine, stomach, testis, thymus, bones, tendons, heart valves and veins, hand, Islets of Langerhans and ovaries can now be transplanted. The transplanted organ or tissue is commonly known as a graft. While the lack of organs for transplantation remains an obstacle, the biggest challenge for transplantation is the immune system. It destroys a transplanted graft recognizing it as foreign and a potential treat to the body. [2][7][9][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Types of Transplants Autografts: Grafts of tissue from one area of the body to another part e.g. Skin transplants, vein extractions, etc. Autografts are not foreign tissue and therefore there is no immune reaction. Allografts: Grafts between members of the same species. Most organ transplants are allografts. Because of genetic differences between the organ and the recipient, the recipients immune system will identify the organ as foreign and attempts to destroy it, causing transplant rejection. Isografts: Forms part of allografts and are grafts between genetically identical individuals. Isografts do not trigger an immune response. Xenografts/ Xenotransplantation: Grafts between members of different species. E.g. the use of organs from other animals, like chimpanzees, baboon and pigs. In Xenografts there is a large risk of rejection and diseases carried in the tissue. [2][7][9][19][20][22] Problems with Transplantation Graft/transplant rejection: The immune system, recognizing the transplanted graft as foreign, will cause a rejection of the graft. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): T-cells, in the graft from the donor, identify the tissues of the recipient as a foreign antigen and mounts an immune attack against them. This is prevented by removing all T-cells in the graft before transplantation. In rare cases the donated organ may be infected and transmit an agent to the recipient. E.g. TB, rabies, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV and many other diseases. To prevent this, potential donors are tested for these infections before the transplantation. [2][12][19] Transplant Rejection Transplant rejection is also know as Graft Rejection and organ or tissue rejection. Transplant Rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue is not accepted by the body of the recipient, because the immune system of the recipient attacks and tries to destroy the transplanted organ or tissue. The body identifies the graft as foreign material and therefore triggers a rejection. This is expected because the Human Immunity Systems purpose is to protect the body by identifying and destroying foreign material that are potentially harmful. These harmful substances have proteins called antigens on their surfaces, when the immune system identifies these antigens as foreign, it will start to attack them. The degree and type of response varies according to the type of transplant and the organ or tissue being transplanted. Certain sites in the body are immune privileged, which means they are protected from attack, because immune cells and antibodies do not reach them. The anterior chamber of the eye, the testes and the brain are all immune privileged. Using the patients own tissue for autografts or tissue from an identical twin, isografts, when available prevents transplant rejection as the recipient sees the transplant as self, not as foreign and therefore does not mount an attack. Using a relative (sibling) as a donor is also recommended, because they may have inherited some of the same histocompatibility antigens and therefore the immune response may not be as strong. [2][3][4][7][8][11][12][23] Types of Transplant Rejection: Hyperacute Rejection Hyperacute Rejection is a rare humoral complement-mediated response in recipients with pre-existing antibodies to the donor. This reaction occurs immediately after the transplantation. No treatment is available for it and the graft must be removed quickly to prevent a severe systemic inflammatory response or death. Acute Rejection Acute rejection usually begins one week after the transplant, but it can occur months to years after transplantation. The new organ will be incapable of working at full efficiency. A single episode of acute rejection is not dangerous, if it recognized and treated it rarely leads to organ failure. Acute rejection occurs to some degree in all transplants and is caused by mismatched HLA. The Immune system will recognize the graft as foreign and will mount an attack against it. Acute rejection is a form of Cell-mediated response. Humeroral Rejection Humeroral Rejection is mediated by antibody and complement Immunity. It can occur immediately or during the first week after the transplantation. The antibodies are preformed antibodies or anti-donor antibodies that have developed after transplant. Chronic Rejection Chronic Rejection is the rejection against a graft due to chronic inflammatory and immune response. This rejection occurs over time (sometimes years after the transplant) and may occur from repeated episodes of acute rejection or for other causes not understood. Chronic Rejection is rare and is both antibody cell-mediated immune responses. Chronic rejection is irreversible and there is no successful treatment. Eventually the donor organ is lost, leading to re-transplant or death. [3][7][8][23] Diagnosis and Symptoms Diagnosis of transplant rejection relies on clinical data, including signs and symptoms, lab testing and a tissue biopsy to confirm that the graft has been rejected. The biopsy is interpreted by a pathologist who notes changes in the tissue that suggest rejection. E.g. presence of T-cells and other cell types that may be helpful in diagnosing the type of rejection and any evidence of structural injury or injury to blood vessels in the transplanted tissue. The symptoms of transplant rejection vary depending on the organ or tissue transplanted, but general symptoms include the organ not functioning properly, general discomfort, uneasiness or ill feeling, pain or swelling in the location of organ (rare) and fever (rare). [1][23] Prevention Treatment Tissue Typing Transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping (tissue typing or crossmatching) before the transplantation to identify the antigens it contains and to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match. ABO blood typing or HLA (Tissue antigen) typing is performed to ensure that the organ or tissue is as similar as possible to the tissues of the recipient. The antigens responsible for rejection of tissues are called histocompatibility antigens. These antigens are encoded by genes on chromosome 6, called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The MHC is called the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system in humans. HLA are present on all cells of the body. Each individual has a unique combination of HLA and matching as many histocompatibility antigens will minimize the size and speed of rejection. MHC molecules present antigens to the T-cells of the immune system. When a foreign material enters a body cell, the MHC molecules inside the body cell bind to the antigen and transport it to the body cells surface. The antigen can now be recognized by a T-cell. Immunosuppressant Drugs Immunosuppressant drugs can treat and prevent transplant rejection. The drugs suppress the immune system of the recipient and are usually necessary for all transplants to prevent the graft from being rejected. The drugs should be used for the rest of the transplant recipients life. Most immunosuppressive drugs have the disadvantage of being non-specific and they result in suppression of the entire immune responses and therefore placing the recipient at a higher risk of infections. It is needed to develop more specific immunosuppressive drugs that will suppress only the responses that attack the graft, without dangerous side effects. Drugs like azathioprine (Imuran), methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, belatacept, corticosteroids, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, prednisolone, mycophennolate mofetil, antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and rapamycin are routinely used in different combinations for a safe level of immunosuppression. Side effects of immunosuppression drugs include infections, as the immune system is vital to protect us from infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc). Usually the infections can be controlled by the appropriate antibiotic, antiviral drug, etc. The chance of Cancer is also increased with the use of immunosuppression drugs. [1][2][5][6][7][8][12][16][19][23] Potential Further Studies Demi-Lee Brennan, an Australian whose body changed blood type and adopted the immune system of her donor after a liver transplant. Her body no longer rejects the transplanted liver. Her case is unique and scientists are interested in finding out how this occurred. Duplication of this would be a potential solution to transplant rejection. Some grafts survive despite the presence of anti-donor antibodies. This acquired resistance to antibody-mediated damage is known as Accommodation and is poorly understood. [6][8] The Human Immune System and Antibodies The immune system recognizes as foreign and attacks anything different from your normal body tissues. Even substances that are only slightly different, for example a transplanted organ or tissue, are considered foreign invaders. The immune system uses histocompatibility antigens to recognize material as self or foreign. Antigens occur on the surface of every cell and the immune system will attack anything that does not display the antigen of that individual. The immune system cannot tell if the foreign material is harmful or not, just that it is different. The transplanted organ or tissue is different and therefore the immune system will try to destroy it. There are two kinds of immunity in a human, Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity. The bodys first line of defence against invaders is the Innate Immunity. It is provided by barriers like tears, mucus, skin, saliva and the rapid inflammation of tissue. If an invader gets past the Innate Immunity, the immune system will make a customized defence, the Adaptive Immunity. It is a specific response depending on the specific invader and it has a memory, which allows it to respond better to the specific invader if it attacks again. The Adaptive Immunity does not attack normal body components, only substances it recognizes as non-self. White blood cells (leukocytes) are the main component of the immune system. Macrophages, a type of white blood cells, surround and eat invading materials. Macrophages can also attach to themselves to invading agents and transport them to another part of the immune system to be destroyed. Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that identify and destroy invading antigens. Each lymphocyte has a unique antigen receptor on its surface that can bind to a matching antigen on the surface of the foreign invader. They constantly travel throughout the body looking for invaders. All lymphocytes begin as stem cells in bone marrow, but they mature in two different places. Several lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and they are called B-lymphocytes (B-cells). B-cells form Plasma cells that make antibodies. Each B-cell has a unique receptor on its membrane, called B-cell receptor (BCR) that is designed to fit a specific antigen. When the BCR binds to an antigen molecule, the B-cell surrounds it and breaks it up. The result is the histcompatibilty molecules and then the body B-cell can identify the antigen. Other lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes (T-cells) mature in the thymus. Some T-cells called cytotoic or Killer T-cells directly destroy cells that are displaying a certain antigen on their surface. Other T-cells, Helper T-cells, regulate the immune system by controlling the strength of immune responses. [1][3][5][6][7][8][10][11][23] Types of Immune Responses Humoral Immune Response The Humoral response attack invaders that act outside of cells, like bacteria and poisons. When an invader antigen enters the body, Macrophages take the antigen and attach it to MHC molecules. The MHC molecules display the antigen to the T-helper cells and they attach to the presented antigen. This stimulates the T-helper cells to divide and produce interleukins. The Interleukins activate a B-cell that has bound the antigen. The activated B-cells then divide and secrete antibodies. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (lg), are Y-shaped proteins and they are found in blood and other bodily fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell, called a plasma cell. Surface immunoglobulin are attached to the membrane of the effector B-cells, while antibodies are the secreted into the bloodstream and body cavities. The membrane-bound form of an antibodies is forms part of the BCR on B-cells. The general structure of all antibodies are very similar, except for a small region at the ends of the two arms of the Y used for binding antigens. This allows many different antigen binding sites to exist between the antibodies, allowing the immune system to recognize a wide diversity of antigens. The base of the Y determines how the antibody will destroy an antigen or foreign material. Antibodies into are classified into 5 classes/isotypes: lgM, lgG, lgA, lgD and lgE. They perform different roles and form part of the immune response against foreign objects. The secreted antibodies bind can the antigen and destroy it. Antibodies may also stop the harmful effects of an antigen by attaching to it and neutralizing it. Antibodies also help destroy antigens by tagging it for attack by other parts of the immune system. Cell-mediated Immune Response The Cell-mediated Response attacks invaders, like viruses, that reproduce inside cells. It also destroys cells that cause the growth of improper structures, like cancers. After an invader antigen enters the human body, Macrophages attach the antigen to MHC molecules. The MHC molecules present the antigen to the T-helper cells and they bind the antigen, which motivates the T-helper cells to divide and secrete interleukins. The Interleukins activate killer T-cells. Killer T-cells directly destroy the cell/s that are infected with or that are producing a certain antigen. [3][7][8][10][11] CONCLUSION: My Hypothesis that antibodies do not play a role in the rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue is incorrect. Antibodies are very important in transplant rejection, because they form part of the mechanism that rejects the organ or tissue and they are one of the main components of the Human Immunity System. When the healthy organ or tissue is transplanted into the body of the recipient, it does not have the same tissue antigens of the recipients body. Each human has unique tissue antigens, therefore a perfect match is seldom found. Antibodies form part of humoral rejection response to the transplanted organ or tissue. They are the main element in recognizing a foreign agent, because they have unique antigen binding sites. Antibodies especially play a role in Hyperacute, Humeroral and Chronic Transplant Rejection, as they are all humoral-mediated rejections. Anti-Donor antibodies are secreted by plasma cells after the T-helper cells have collected the transplants antigen and identified it as foreign and non-self. Pre-existing antibodies circulate through the bodily fluids of the human body looking for foreign material to recognize. Some antibodies also form part of the membrane receptor of the B-cells used to identify and recognize antigens of the transplanted organ or tissue. After the antibodies have bond to the foreign antigen of the transplanted organ or tissue, therefore recognizing it, it will decide how to destroy the organ or tissue or if it will tag it for attack from other parts of the immune system. Leading to Transplant Rejection and the destruction of the transplanted organ or tissue. BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCING: Websites: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000815.htm, Transplant Rejection, Medline Plus, 23 February 2010, David A. Kaufman, MD, Section Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care Sleep Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital-Yale New Haven Health System, and Assistant Clinical Professor, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Transplants.html, Organ Transplants, 1 November 2009 http://www.chfpatients.com/tx/txrejection.htm, Transplant Rejection, CHF Patients, 3 June 2002 http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/medicaldepartments/surgery/rejection/index.html, Rejection: Organ Transplantation, UI Healthcare, 7 August 2006, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics http://immunology.suite101.com/article.cfm/why_organ_transplants_fail, Why Organ Transplants Fail, Immunology, 5 June 2009, Jitendra Rathod http://discoverysedge.mayo.edu/abo_posxmatch/index.cfm, Overcoming Antibody Barriers to Kidney Transplant, Discoverys Edge, 2010, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432209-overview, Immunology of Transplant Rejection, eMedicine, 28 July 2009, Prashant Malhotra, MBBS, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, North Shore University Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplant_rejection, Transplant Rejection, Wikipedia, 27 March 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant, Organ Transplant, Wikipedia, 21 March 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody, Antibody, Wikipedia, 23 March 2010 Books: Westen, Trevor. 1976. The Hamlyn Family Medical Dictionary. Hong Kong: Toppan Printing Co. p16,187-188,367-368. Danovith, Gabriel. 2001. Handbook of Kidney Transplantation Third Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p17-61,146-162. Malan, Marais.1968. Heart Transplant. Johannesburg: Voortrekkerpers. p21-36. Magazines: Meyer, Rilette. Die grootste geskenk. Vroukeur. August 2009, p22 Unknown. n Geskenk van lewe. Vroukeur. August 2009, p31 Salzwedel, Ilse. Bloed Bande. Huisgenoot. Winter 2008, p22-28 Ramsamy, Prevashni. The Ultimate Donation. February 2006, p30-32 Newspapers: Unknown. Orgaanskenkings gee die geskenk van lewe. Die Burger. 29 September 1998 Hudsen, Mari. So verloop die proses van orgaanskenking. Die Burger. 14 August 2000, p5 Gerber, Jan. Tekort aan skenkers van organe. Die Burger. 14 April 2007 Wessels, Elsa. Nalaat van organe vir oorplanting is grootste geskenk denkbaar. Die Burger. 5 August 1998, p13 Kees, Revona. Orgaanskenkers kan talle lewens red. Die Burger. 31 August 2005, p10 Medical Journals: Chan, Laurence. 2000. Transplant Rejection and its Treatment. Chapter 9 (pg. 9.1 9.13). Cover Picture and Background: Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ab/Outline-body-aura.png